بررسي و مقايسۀ عناصر غذايي خاك در كاربري و الگوي كشت مختلف (منطقۀ مطالعاتي: اشتهارد)

Investigation and comparison of soil nutrients under different land uses and crop patterns (Case Study: Eshtehard)

ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻋﺪم ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺳﺐ زﻣﯿﻦ و ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ در ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي ارا ﺿﯽ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺧﺸﮏ اﯾﺮان ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ا ﺳﺎ ﺳﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺎ ﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ا ﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻨﺎ ﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ در ر ﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﯿﺎه دارﻧﺪ، اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﮥ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك در دو ﻻﯾﮥ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ و ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ در اراﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ اﺷﺘﻬﺎرد ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﺸﮥ ﺧﺎك، ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي اراﺿﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از 9.3 ArcGIS ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷــﺪ. ﭼﻬﺎر ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ اراﺿــﯽ ﺑﺎﻏﯽ )درﺧﺖ ﮔﯿﻼس ﺑﺎ آﺑﯿﺎري ﻗﻄﺮهاي(، زراﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ دو اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﮏ ﮐﺸــﺘﯽ (ﮔﻨﺪم آﺑﯽ) و اﻟﮕﻮي ﭼﻨﺪﮐﺸﺘﯽ (ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﺎ آﺑﯿﺎري ﻗﻄﺮهاي)، ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و آﯾﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري 30-60) ﺳــﺎﻧﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ( و ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ0-30از ﺧﺎك، ﻋﻨﺎﺻــﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ازت، ﮐﻠﺴــﯿﻢ، ﻓﺴــﻔﺮ، ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ و ﭘﺘﺎﺳــﯿﻢ در دو ﻋﻤﻖ ﺳــﻄﺤﯽ ) ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ( ﺑﺮر ﺳﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ESP، ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺒﯽ، ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ا ﺻﻼﺣﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺒﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮيﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻋﻤﻖﻫﺎي ﺳــﻄﺤﯽ و ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳــﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ آﻣﺎري دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار SPSS، ﻧﺸــﺎندﻫﻨﺪة وﺟﻮد اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺎ ﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﻣﺘﯿﺎزدﻫﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮيﻫﺎ در ﻻﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﯽ و ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧ ﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و اراﺿـﯽ ﺑﺎﻏﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﻻﯾﮥ ﺳـﻄﺤﯽ و ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ اﺻـﻼﺣﯽ داﺷـﺘﻪ و اراﺿـﯽ ﺗﮏﮐﺸـﺘﯽ در ﻻﯾﮥ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺒﯽ دارد. ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي آﯾﺶ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺒﯽ را در ﻻﯾﮥ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ و ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ دارا ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳـــﯽ، اراﺿـــﯽ ﺑﺎﻏﯽ، ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و اﻟﮕﻮي ﭼﻨﺪﮐﺸـــﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻄﻠﻮبﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ و اراﺿـــﯽ آﯾﺶ و ﺗﮏﮐﺸـــﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮبﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ.

The reduction of soil quality and health due to the lack of proper management or land use change in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran has become a major challenge, which affects the nutritional properties of the soil. Regarding to the importance of nutrients in plant growth, the aim of this study was investigation and comparison of soil nutrients under different agricultural land uses in Eshtehard region. At first, different maps of region including soil map, elevation and land use maps were prepared using ArcGIS 9.3. Five land uses including garden lands, monoculture lands, multiple cropping lands, fallow lands and rangelands were recognized as the treatments. After sampling the soil, nutrients including N, Ca, Mg, K, P were measured in two depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. In addition, the amount of ESP, as a destructive factor, was assessed in order to determine the corrective or destructive role of different land uses. The results of statistical analysis of data using SPSS software showed that there was a significant difference between nutrients average. In addition, the results showed that rangelands and garden lands had the corrective role in surface and deep layers respectively and monoculture lands had destructive role in the deep layer. Follow lands had the most destructive role in both surface and deep layers. Generally, garden lands, rangeland and multiple cropping lands were determined as the most desirable treatments and follow lands and monoculture lands were determined as the most undesirable treatments.