ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎي ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ و ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ آﺑﺨﯿﺰداري ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺘﯽ ﻣﺮدم ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ( ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﻣﻮردي: ﺣﻮزة آﺑﺨﯿﺰ ﻗﺮهﺷﯿﺮان- ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اردﺑﯿﻞ)

Impact of mechanical and biological watershed projects on livelihood capitals of local people (Case Study: Ghareshiran watershed - Ardebil county)

اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺪاﺧﻼت آﺑﺨﯿﺰداري ﺑﺮ ﺣﻮزة آﺑﺨﯿﺰ ﻗﺮهﺷﯿﺮان در اﺳﺘﺎن اردﺑﯿﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﭘـﻨﺞ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎ ﯾﮥ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ- اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ- ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ آﻣﺎري اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداران ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺷﺶ روﺳﺘﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح و ﭘﻨﺞ روﺳﺘﺎي ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﺪودة اﺟﺮاي ﻃﺮح در ﻫﻤﺎن ﺣﻮزة آﺑﺨﯿﺰ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺪول ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن 200 ﺧﺎﻧﻮار ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺪف ﻣﻨﺪ، ﻣﻮرد ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. اﺑﺰار اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮد. ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ آن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺿﺮﯾﺐ آﻟﻔﺎي ﮐﺮوﻧﺒـﺎخ )ﺑـﯿﻦ 0/7 ﺗﺎ 0/8( ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد، ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﮥ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ- اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ- ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺟﺮاي ﭘﺮوژه و ﻋـﺪم اﺟـﺮاي آن ﺗﻔﺎوت وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ وﻟﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﮥ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﯽ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺖ اﻓﺮاد در ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎ و ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮت و اﻋﺘﻤـﺎد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، در ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﮥ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ دو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ. در ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﮥ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ آﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻧﺸﺎن ﻧﺪاد. در ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﮥ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ اراﺿﯽ ﺑﺎﻏﯽ-دﯾﻢ و آﺑﯽ، ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺳﯿﻞ و ﺗﻌﺪاد دام در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺗﻔـﺎوت آن در ﺳﻄﺢ 98 درﺻﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﺑﻮد. در ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﮥ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ درآﻣﺪزاﯾﯽ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـ ﮥ اﺟـﺮا و ﻋـﺪم اﺟـﺮا ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﯽ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺖ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداران ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺴﻘﯿﻢ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﺳﺖ، اﺟﺮاي ﭘـﺮوژه ﻫـﺎي آﺑﺨﯿﺰداري ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﮥ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ، ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﺎص ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ درآﻣﺪ و ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻐﻠﯽ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﻮد.

This article investigate the effects of watershed interventions Ghareh-shiran watershed, Ardebil province. In this paper, five socio-human, economic and environmental-physical capital were investigated. Thestatistical population of this research was informed users of six villages covered by the project execution and five villages outside the project execution area in the same watershed. Using the Morgan table, 200 households were surveyed using targeted sampling. The research tool was a questionnaire. Its reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.7 to 0.8). The results showed that between socio-human capital and environmental-physical capital at the place of execution, there was a difference between project and its non-implementation. There is no difference in financial capital at the place of execution and non-execution. There was no significant difference in social capital between the two regions in terms of group membership, tendency to migrate and social trust. In human capital, there was no difference between the two regions in the level of awareness. In natural and physical capital, indices of garden-dry land and irrigated land, flood damage and number of livestock were considered, which were significant at 98% level. In financial capital, the basin income index was considered to be no different between the executed and non-executed areas. The results show that although beneficiaries' livelihood are directly dependent on natural resources, watershed management projects have been effective on natural and physical and to some extent social capital of the area and in particular it has not been able to increase income and job opportunities in the region.