ارزيابي عوامل تأثيرگذار در بهره‌برداري از مراتع با تأكيد بر تحليل سلسله مراتبي- عوامل راهبردي (-SWOT AHP) (مطالعۀ موردي: مراتع شهرستان اشتهارد، استان البرز)

Assessment of affecting factors on the exploitation of rangelands with an emphasis on AHP-strategic factors (SWOT- AHP) (Case study: rangelands of Alborz Province)

ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري از ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ - اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ، ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺣﺎل و ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﻫﻤﯿﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ دارد ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻧﮕﺮشﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن و ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداران ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﮥ اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬـﺮه ﺑـﺮداري از ﻣﺮاﺗـﻊ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﻗﻮت، ﺿﻌﻒ، ﻓﺮﺻﺖ و ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﭙﺮدازد. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ SWOT ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑـﺮ ﺑﻬـﺮه ﺑـﺮداري از ﻣﺮاﺗـﻊ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ و ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ روشﻫﺎي ﻃﯿﻒ ﻟﯿﮑﺮت و آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ AHP ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداران و ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن اوﻟﻮﯾﺖﺑﻨﺪي و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻊ ﺑﺮاي دامﮔﺬاري ﺑﺎ اﻣﮑـﺎن ﺗﻐﺬﯾـﮥ دﺳـﺘﯽ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداريﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ اﺻﻮﻟﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺪن، ﻣﺎﻧﻮرﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ از اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد در ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻗﻮت، ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﻮع و ﻧﮋاد داﻣﯽ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺑﺎ وزن 0/117، ﻧﻘﺎط ﺿـﻌﻒ، ﮐﻨـﺎره ﮔﯿـﺮي ﺑﻬـﺮه ﺑـﺮداران ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘﻪ از ﺷـﻐﻞ داﻣﺪاري ﻣﺮﺗﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ وزن 0/026، ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﯽ درﺑﺎرة ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ در ﻣﺮاﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ، ادارت ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑـﺎ وزن 0/185 و در ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﻫﺎ، ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺑﺎزار ﺑﺎ وزن 0/076 در اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن ﺑﻮد ﮐـﻪ در ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ داﺧﻠﯽ )ﻧﻘﺎط ﺿﻌﻒ و ﻗﻮت( ﺟﻤﻊ اﻣﺘﯿﺎز ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪة ﻧﻘﺎط ﻗﻮت از ﻧﻘﺎط ﺿﻌﻒ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري از ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ دروﻧﯽ داراي ﻗﻮت اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧـﺎرﺟﯽ )ﺗﻬﺪﯾـﺪ و ﻓﺮﺻﺖ( ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪة آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪﻫﺎ واﮐﻨﺶ راﻫﺒـﺮدي ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﯽ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، راﻫﺒﺮد ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﮥ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب از ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري از ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

According to the important role of rangeland on the exploiters of its and rangeland ecological changes in the economic and social systems, planning and decision-making to assess the current situation is the most important. In this regard, this study intends to determine the difference between experts and exploiters to examine and compare the affecting factors on the utilization of rangelands according to four priority measures including strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities and threats. For this purpose, the SWOT analysis was used to analyze the affecting factors on the exploitation of rangelands. Identified factors using the questionnaire set based on Likert spectrum items and AHP analysis were prioritized and compared by the pastorals and experts. The results of the comparison indicate that prioritize of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is different between experts and stakeholders, and in some cases there is a considerable distance between experts and pastorals. The factors related to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats had priority the adaptation of animal species and plant cover-weight with weight 0.117, weighing experienced pastorals resignation with weight 0.026, increase scientific studies on rangeland in research centers, the Department of Natural Resources with weight 0.185 and weighting fluctuations in livestock markets with weight 0.076 respectively.