چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: كودكان داراي اختلال طيف اتيسم به‌طور درخورتوجهي در مهارت‌هاي حركتي پايه دچار تأخير رشدي هستند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعيين اثر بازي‌هاي منتخب با چتر رنگين‌كمان بر رشد حركتي كودكان داراي اختلال طيف اتيسم انجام شد.
روش‌بررسي: تحقيق حاظر از نوع نيمه‌تجربي بود. بيست كودك 4تا6ساله داراي اختلال طيف اتيسم از دو مركز توان‌بخشي تهران به‌روش نمونهٔ دردسترس در پژوهش شركت كردند و به‌شكل تصادفي، براساس پيش‌آزمون رشد حركتي، به دو گروه ده‌نفرهٔ تجربي و كنترل تقسيم شدند. براي سنجش رشد حركتي، آزمون رشد حركتي درشت الريخ به‌كار رفت. بعد از اجراي پيش‌آزمون، گروه تجربي به‌مدت هشت هفته به‌صورت هفته‌اي دو جلسهٔ 45دقيقه‌اي بازي‌هاي منتخب با چتر رنگين‌كمان را انجام داد. پس از پايان برنامه مجدداً از هر دو گروه تجربي و كنترل پس‌آزمون گرفته شد. براي تجزيه‌وتحليل داده‌ها از آزمون‌هاي شاپيرو-ويلك و لوين و تحليل كوواريانس و نيز نرم‌افزار SPSS ويرايش 17، در سطح معناداري 0٫05 استفاده شد.
يافته‌ها: نتايج اين پژوهش نشان داد كه بازي‌هاي منتخب با چتر رنگين‌كمان بر مهارت‌هاي دويدن (0٫011=p)، جهيدن (0٫042=p)، لي‌لي (0٫033=p) و پرش طول (0٫026=p) از مقياس جابه‌جايي و مهارت‌هاي ضربه با توپ ثابت (0٫033=p) و پرتاب توپ (0٫032=p) و غلتاندن توپ (0٫044=p) تأثير معناداري دارد.
نتيجه‌گيري: بازي‌هاي منتخب با چتر رنگين‌كمان مي‌تواند موجب بهبود برخي مهارت‌هاي جابه‌جايي و كنترل شيء در كودكان داراي اختلال طيف اتيسم شود.
چكيده لاتين :
Background & Objective: Fundamental motor skills are basic skills necessary for movement competence and considered the basic building
blocks for more complex motor skill development. However, autistic children have significant delays in fundamental motor skills. Additionally,
motor impairments in autistic children can have a negative impact on other developmental aspects of them like social communication and social
interaction skills in this population. With regard to the marked differences in developmental aspects between children with autism spectrum
disorder and normal children, it is recommended to develop interventions or games requiring whole body exercises for children with autism
spectrum disorder to improve their gross motor growth. Rainbow parachute is one of the most popular active play toy used recently in
kindergartens and playhouses to carry out various types of active play programs. It seems that this toy has the indices needed to design the motor
games of children with autism spectrum disorder. It seems that this toy instrument has the indices needed to develop active games for children
with autism spectrum disorder. The present study aimed to determine the effect of selected Rainbow parachute games on motor development of
autistic children. The parachute is a multicolored, nylon sheet used by arranging children on the outside. That is commonly used in kindergarten
and elementary school physical education classes. The aim of this study was to survey the effect of selected rainbow parachute games on motor
development of autism spectrum disorder children.
Methods: This study was quasi–experiment. 20 autistic children (4 to 6 years old) from two rehabilitation centers of Tehran city (capital city of
Iran), based on their pre–test scores randomly were selected and divided into two groups, control (n=10) and experimental (n=10). Test of gross
motor development–2 Ulrich (TGMD–2) was used to assess the motor development. TGMD–2 is one of the reliable tools for evaluating
development of gross motor skills; that was provided by Ulrich (1985) in the United States of America for the first time and reported its stability
and justifiability for 3–10 years old American children. The test reliability was 96% and the stability was 87%. The test included six displacement
skills (running, trotting, hopping, skipping, jumping, sliding) and six object control skills (striking a stationary ball, stationary dribble, catch,
kick, overhand throw and underhand roll). Running pretest, the experimental group played selected parachute games for 8 weeks (2 sessions per
week each 45 min.). Each session started at 10 a.m. and was divided into 3 sections: (a) warm–up activities: 10 min.; (b) selected parachute
games: 25–min; (c) cool down activities: 10 min. The main focus of the program was on developing fundamental motor skills but developing
physical fitness by modifying the intensity, duration and complexity of the activities was also considered. The program was developed based on
rough–and–tumble play, running around, and other physical play that provides whole–body exercise and helps the child develop gross motor
skills. During games, all experimental children had the experience of interacting with other each other and objects in their surroundings. One
head coach managed sessions and three qualified trained assistants. At the end of the play program, pretests were re–performed in both
experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, Shapiro–Wilk test and Levin tests by statistical package of
SPSS (version 17) at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that selected parachute games significantly affected running (p=0.011), skipping (p=0.042), hopping (p=0.033) and
jumping (p=0.026) skills from the displacement scale and striking (p=0.033), throwing (p=0.032) and rolling (p=0.044) from object control scale.
In addition, results showed that the intervention did not have significant effect on remained subscales of displacement and object control scales.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the selected rainbow parachute games, which have been developed according to fundamental motor skills,
could improve some subscales of displacement and object control scales in children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, it seems that
engaging in physical activity programs by rainbow parachute games resulted in greater sensory integrity and more environmental information,
which may increase brain activity and improve bilateral coordination in children with autism spectrum disorder. Exercise may improve motor
skill in individuals with autism by strengthening whole muscle, enhancing motivation through improvement in self–esteem, and using cognitive
techniques to sharpen the child ability in a new task. We encourage mentors to use rainbow parachute games to improve motor development of
children with autism spectrum disorder.
