بازتاب ناسپاسي و كفران نعمت در تمثيل هاي عرفاني

The Reflection of Ingratitude in the Mystic allegories

تمثيل يكي از مهم ترين آرايه هاي بياني و شيوه استدلال هنري و ذوقي است كه هدف آن انتقال بهتر معنا و مفهوم به مخاطب است. تعريف ادبا درباره تمثيل تا حدودي با هم متفاوت است؛ گروهي آن را تشبيه مركب با وجه شبه مركب دانسته اند، گروهي ضرب المثل را در گروه تمثيل قرارداده و عده اي اسلوب المعادله و بعضي، داستان هاي تمثيلي را تمثيل گفته اند، با همه اختلافات مذكور، نگارندگان، حكايات تمثيلي عرفاني درباره ناسپاسي و شكر را مورد مداقه قرارداده اند. ناسپاسي و ناشكري به معني ناديدن لطف منعم از موضوعات علم اخلاق و عرفان است. عرفا براي ناسپاسي مراتب مختلفي قائلند. آنها در مذمت ناشكري و ناسپاسي از تمثيلات بهره جسته و با برشمردن عواقب و نتايج ناسپاسي و ناشكري بر اهميت ترك آن تاكيد نموده اند.

Allegory is one of the most important expressing arrays. Allegory is an inferential artistic and skillful style, with the aim of better transferring of concepts and meanings to the addressees. The definitions by the scholars about allegory are somewhat different with each other. Some consider it as complex metaphor with pseudo-complex form, some have placed idioms in the group of metaphors, and some have regarded styles and some others have considered metaphoric stories as allegories. Despite all the differences, authors have considered mystic allegoric narratives about thankfulness and ingratitude, with precision. Ingratitude indicates ignoring the blessings by the beneficent, and it has considerations that are divided into verbal gratitude for confessing the blessings, cordial thankfulness for God’s blessings and practical thanking regarding obedience to the beneficent. Thanking is analyzed in the rational domain and is one of the mystic aspects. To express reprehension of ingratitude, mystics have benefitted from allegories. The structures of the mentioned allegories have two upper and lower layers. In the lower layer, i.e. in the depth, the upper layer attains meaningful extensions, causing the inclusion to be increased. It is why that allegory is appropriately referred to as the extensive metaphor or the paraphrased symbol.