كليدواژه :
يادگيري الكترونيكي , آموزش از دور , نسل‌بندي , فناوري اطلاعات , يادگيرنده‌محور
چكيده فارسي :
اﻣﺮوزه ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن از رﺷﺪ ﻓﻨﺎوري ﻫﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ اﺛﺮ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. آﻣﻮزش و ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﻧﯿﺰ در زﻣﺮه ﺣﻮزه ﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﺎوا و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ آن ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم »ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ« ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﺑﺘﺪا ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ اي ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ و ﭘﺲ از آن، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺳﯿﺮ ﺗﻄﻮر ﻓﻨﺎوراﻧﻪ ﺣﻮزه آﻣﻮزش از دور، ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪ ﻓﻨﺎوراﻧﻪ ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﻨﺎوري ﻫﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﺶ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﺮد: آﻣﻮزش ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ اي، آﻣﻮزش ﺷﻨﯿﺪاري-دﯾﺪاري، آﻣﻮزش راﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﯾﺎر، آﻣﻮزش وب ﺑﻨﯿﺎد، ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ 1 و ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ 2 )اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ(. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ روﻧﺪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺣﻮزه ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ اﻗﺒﺎل ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻨﺎوراﻧﻪ ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ و ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻢ راﺳﺘﺎ ﻧﻤﻮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻨﺎوري ﻫﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﺎ آن اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺎرزﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﻨﺎوري ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﺮ آﻣﻮزش و اﺛﺮﮔﺬاري آن ﺑﺮ ذﻫﻦ و رﻓﺘﺎر ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻋﺼﺮ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت، ﭼﻨﺎن ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺪم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ درﺑﺎره آن ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﺪم ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري از ﻣﺰاﯾﺎي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي اﯾﻦ ﻓﻨﺎوري ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد و ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي آﯾﻨﺪه آﻣﻮزش و اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺸﺪﯾﺪ ﮔﺴﺴﺖ ﻣﯿﺎن ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ اﻓﺰود.
چكيده لاتين :
Nowadays, all aspects of human life are influenced by the advances in information and communication technologies (ICT). Education and learning are also among areas that have been greatly affected by ICT and the speed of its growth. This affectability results in the creation of a new concept, called e-learning. In this paper, we first define the basic concepts of learning. Then, describing the trajectory of the technological course of distance education, we explain the technological background of e-learning and express how ICT affects the formation of personalized intelligent learning. Evolution of distance education can be divided into six generations: correspondence education, audio-visual education, computer-assisted education, web-based education, e-learning 1, and (social) e-learning 2. Additionally, we address to the researches in e-learning through the examination of published papers in e-learning. Our investigation shows the increasing interest of researchers to technological issues of e-learning as well as attempting to match different information technology appearances to it. Scientific problems around e-learning are interesting for many researchers, and solving each of them helps to the evolution of e-learning from some aspect. E-learning, as the most sensible effect of modern information and communication technologies on education and because of its effects on the mind and behaviour of the learners, is so important that ignoring policy making on it makes it impossible to exploit the advantages of applying these technologies in education, increases the costs in future of education, and also widens the gap between education system and citizens of information era.
