Government in the Caspian Zaydī States between Theory and Practice

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The Zaydiyya maintained nearly seven ceturies of rule in the Caspian region, against Sunnī regimes, which they considered inherently illegitimate, with a government founded on strict legal principles of rightfulness and justice. However, political circumstances often impinged upon Zaydī theories of governance, resulting in significant deviation from their ideals based on the sharīʿa as intepreted and applied by the Zaydī Imām. While the figure of Imam al‐Nāṣir al‐Uṭrūsh (d. 304/917), known for his impeccable rule and conduct, was seen by many as an exemplary Zaydī ruler, others in office found it more challenging to reconcile theory and practice. Difficult issues such as the succession of authority and legitimate taxation, which at times left the treasury improverished and unable to fund military campaigns, would eventual culminate in their decline.