جرايم زيست محيطي سازمان يافته

Organized Environmental Crimes with an Emphasis on France’s Law

در عمل، جرايم زيست محيطي اغلب توسط شبكه هاي جرايم سازمان يافته انجام مي شود كه به دنبال سود كم خطر هستند. تعداد جرايم ثبت شده در اين حوزه در كشور فرانسه هر سال افزايش مي يابد و در سال 2015 به ميزان 66 360 جرم رسيده است. اما هنوز هم به دليل فقدان ابزارهاي قضايي و مادي عدالت كيفري، مورد توجه لازم نمي باشند. علاوه بر اين، جرايم زيست محيطي، كه اغلب قابل مشاهده نيستند، با توجه فقدان تمايل دادسرا براي تعقيب شاهد تصميم به اقدامات جايگزين تعقيب از طرف دادستان مي باشيم. بنابراين، لازم است به منظور ارتقاء كارايي كامل حقوق زيست محيطي، قوانين كيفري، چه رويه اي، و چه به لحاظ قانوني، بهبود يابند. اين اصلاحات همچنين بايد شامل تأييد اراده سياسي براي شناسايي جنايت اكوسايد-به عنوان شديدترين جنايت زيست محيطي- در سطح بين المللي باشد تا اينكه مرزها همچنان موانعي براي مجازات عاملان آسيب هاي جدي و غيرقابل برگشت به محيط زيست ايجاد نكنند.

Crimes against environment and insufficient attention to it have turned into one of the concerns of human societies in facing nature. Since mid-21 century, the issue of environment gained global attention and turned into a sustainable crisis of the international society, a crisis that has seriously threatened all the residents of the Earth, and while global warming is escalating today and climate change crisis has also gotten new dimensions, this crisis is going to force grand social changes, a crisis that has put vital resources of the Earth at risk. To combat this kind of crisis, it seems that improving criminal policy and criminal arsenal of countries and the international community is necessary. Since late 1990s, governments tried to resolve this issue by resorting to criminal laws but the special nature of these crimes that benefit from high gains and low risks caused the resorting to criminal Laws unable to reduce these crime rates considerably, particularly in developing countries. Centering on this, the present article has attempted to find causes of tremendous escalation of this organized crime. The present article has progressed with a descriptive-analytical approach by adapting the subject facts and finally by analyzing the issue, concludes that the environmental crimes are escalating primarily due to lack of proportionality of punishment and insufficiency of legal tools in national and international levels. Therefore; it is necessary that certain solutions be taken into considerations in order to improve criminal support of the environment.