تناوب سببي و ضدسببي در زبان كردي (گويش سوراني)

The Causative/ Anti-causative ALternation in Kurdish (Sorani Dialect

ﻣﺴﺌﻠﮥ ﺗﻨﺎوب ﺳﺒﺒﯽ و ﺿﺪﺳﺒﺒﯽ در ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﺮي در ﺣﻮزة ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ در ﺳﻄﺢ رواﺑﻂ ﻧﺤﻮ و ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار دارد. در ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺎوب، دو دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻋﻤﺪة ﮔﺬراﯾﯽزداﯾﯽ و ﺳﺒﺒﯽﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻘﯿﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ دو ﮔﻮﻧﮥ اﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺎوب داراي ﻣﺪﺧﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﯾﮕﺮ، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ دو روﯾﮑﺮد، ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺎوب از ﻣﺪﺧﻞ واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﮥ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ دادهﻫﺎي زﺑﺎن ﮐﺮدي ﮔﻮﯾﺶ ﺳﻮراﻧﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ در ﺗﻨﺎوب ﺳﺒﺒﯽ و ﺿﺪﺳﺒﺒﯽ راﺑﻄﮥ اﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﯽ دو ﻃﺮﻓﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻫﺮ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﯾﮏ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در ﻻﺑﻼي اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ، در ﺳﻄﺤﯽ زﺑﺎنوﯾﮋه، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﺎﺧﺖواژي ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺎوب، ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﻠﯽ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ اﻓﻌﺎل در ﻫﺮ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯿﺖ و ﺳﺒﺒﯿﺖ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﺠﻬﻮل و ﮔﻮﻧﮥ ﺿﺪﺳﺒﺒﯽ در ﻓﺮاﻓﮑﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﮥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل داراي ﻫﺴﺘﮥ ﺟﻬﺖ وﻟﯽ ﺿﺪﺳﺒﺒﯽ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ اﯾﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

The causative/anti-causative alternation has engendered theoretical interest within studies of argument structure at the syntax-semantic interface. The two prominanet appraoches to the syntax of the alternation, that is detransivitation and causation, do not posit distinct lexical entries for the alternation. In other words, these approaches build on the idea that one of the two alternants is derived from the other one. The purpose of this articl; however, is to show, based on Kurdish data, that there is not a derivational two-way relationship between the alternants in the alternation. Rather, it argues that both alternants are derived from a neutral single lexical entry. In so doing, evidence will be drawn from the existence of morphological variations on these alternations, verb selections and restrictions, and the contribution of prepositional phrase in relation to external argument. It will also be argued that agentivity and causativity are introduced to the structure as different projections, with the passive projecting a voice projection, while the anti-causative does not so.