كاهش آلودگي نفت خام در خاك به روش هاي گياه پالايي، زيست پالايي و گياه پالايي زيست افزوني شده

Reduction of Crude Oil Pollution in Soil by Phytoremediation, Bioaugmentation and Bioaugmented Phytoremediation

ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ، زﯾﺴﺖﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ و ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ زﯾﺴﺖاﻓﺰوﻧﯽﺷﺪه در ﺣﺬف ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم از ﺧﺎك، ﯾﮏ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮا درآﻣﺪ. ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ )ﺻﻔﺮ، 4 و 8 درﺻﺪ وزﻧﯽ(، ﭼﻬﺎر ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ )ﺑﺪون ﮔﯿﺎه، ﺑﺮﻣﻮداﮔﺮاس )Cynodon dactylon(، ﺳﻮرﮔﻮم )bicolor Sorghum( و ﺟﻮ )Hordeum vulgare(( و ﺳﻪ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻗﺎرچ )ﺑﺪون ﻗﺎرچ، ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ و ﻗﺎرچ ﻏﯿﺮﺑﻮﻣﯽ Phanerochate )chrysosporium(( ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻗﺎرچ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه از ﺧﺎك آﻟﻮده از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮس ﻧﺎﯾﺠﺮ ) Aspergillus niger( ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻨﺞ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم آﻟﻮده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و در ﮔﻠﺪانﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ رﯾﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺷﺶ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﯿﺢ ﺷﺪه و ﺳﭙﺲ در ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺗﻠﻘﯿﺢ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎرچ و ﺗﻠﻘﯿﺢ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﮔﺮاﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﮐﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار درﺻﺪ ﺣﺬف ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. درﺻﺪ ﺣﺬف ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم در ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻧﺰوﻟﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮرﮔﻮم، ﺑﺮﻣﻮداﮔﺮاس و ﺟﻮ ﺑﻮد. ﺗﻠﻘﯿﺢ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺬف ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻧﻔﺘﯽ را ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دادﻧﺪ. ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ در ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻏﯿﺮﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﻬﺘﺮي داﺷﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﻮأم آنﻫﺎ )ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ زﯾﺴﺖاﻓﺰوﻧﯽﺷﺪه( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از روشﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ )ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ و زﯾﺴﺖ ﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ( درﺻﺪ ﺣﺬف ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم را ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ داد؛ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ روش ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ زﯾﺴﺖاﻓﺰوﻧﯽﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ و زﯾﺴﺖﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﻮد.

To investigation the efficiency of phytoremediation, bioremediation and bioaugmented phytoremediation to remove crude from the soil, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 3 levels of oil concentrations in the soil (0, 4 and 8% by weight), four treatments of plant (no plant, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), sorghum (bicolor Sorghum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare)) and 3 treatments of fungi (no fungi, native fungi and Non-native fungi (Phanerochate chrysosporium)). In this study, the isolated fungi from polluted soil was Aspergillus niger. Samples of five kilograms of soil were polluted with different amounts of crude oil and poured into plastic pots. After six weeks, some pots were inoculated with fungi, then all pots were planted with the proposed gramineae species. The results showed that the application of plants significantly increased the removal percentage of crude oil compared to the control. The removal percentage of crude oil was corresponded to cultivated soils of sorghum, bermudagrass, and barley, in desending order. Inoculated soils with fungi increased the removal percentage of crude oil significantly as compared to the control. The native fungus had more efficiency than the non-native fungus in terms of degradation of crude oil. Also, their combined application of bioaugmentation and phytoremediation (bioaugmented phytoremediation) was significantly more than the application of each method alone (phytoremediation and bioremediation); which indicate the better efficiency of the bioaugmented phytoremediation method than the phytoremediation and bioremediation method individually.