موقوفات زنان يزد از دورة آل مظفر تا اواخر قاجاريه ( (دهة دوم قرن 7 تا اواخر قرن 13

Yazd women dedications from Al Mozaffar till the end of Qajarieh (mid 7th century to late 13th century)

وﻗﻒ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻳﺮان ﻫﻤﻮاره از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ و رواج ﺑﺮﺧﻮدار ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑـ ﺎ وﺟـﻮد آﻧﻜـﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺎت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮدان ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﺳﺖ. اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺎت زﻧﺎن ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ در دورهﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ در ﻻﺑـﻪ ﻻي ﺗـﻮارﻳﺦ ﻣﺤﻠـﻲ ﻳـﺰد و ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺤﻠﻲ از زﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻋﺮﺻﻪي ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﻲ، اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼـﺎدي ﺑـﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص در اﻣﺮ وﻗﻒ ﻧﻘﺶ اﻳﻔﺎ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ آﺛﺎر آن ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻣﺮوز ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮت ﺧﻮد ﺑـﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪهاﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﭘﻴﺶ رو ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻴﻮ هي ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻔﻲ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠـﻲ و ﺑـﺮ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي و دادهﻫﺎ و اﺳﻨﺎد ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪهاﺳﺖ، درﺻﺪد اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه وﻗﻒ در ﻳﺰد در ﺑﺎزهي زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه، وﺳﻌﺖ و اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ زﻧﺎن را در اﻣﺮ وﻗﻒ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ذﻳﻞ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ: ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ زﻧﺎن در اﻣـﺮ وﻗـﻒ در ﻛـﺪام دوره ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؟ زﻧﺎن واﻗﻒ از ﭼﻪ ﻗﺸﺮ و ﻃﺒﻘﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ و اﻧﮕﻴﺰه آﻧﻬـﺎ از وﻗـﻒ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻮدهاﺳﺖ؟ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻋﺼﺮ آلﻣﻈﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺻﻔﻮﻳﻪ زﻧﺎن ﺣﺎﻛﻤـﻪ و درﺑﺎري ﭼﻮن ﻣﺮدان در اﻣﺮ وﻗﻒ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. اﻣﺎ از ﻋﺼﺮ ﺻﻔﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ، زﻧﺎن ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ وﻗﻒ اﻣﻮال ﺧﻮد ﭘﺎي در اﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻧﻬﺎدﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻳﻚ دوره وﻗﻔﻪ و رﻛﻮد وﻗﻒ در ﻋﺼﺮ اﻓﺸﺎرﻳﻪ و زﻧﺪﻳﻪ از دورهي ﻗﺎﺟﺎرﻳﻪ وﻗﻒ روﻧﻖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﻣـﺎﻟﻲ زﻧـﺎن در اﻳﻦ دوره اﺳﺖ.

Pious Foundation have always had importance and prevalence throughout IRAN history . Although most pious foundations have done by men, studings show the existence pious foundations by woman so that we see woman in argued periods during local and non-local characters tically and masculine history of YAZD that had an effective role in political, social and economical fields especially in pious foundation whose effects have remained strongly until now. The following research that has been done on library studings and data and documents and by descriptive and analytical method, wants to show the importance and spread of woman’s role in pious foundation position in YAZD in specified period of time and answer the following basic questions: In which era, do woman have more participation in pious foundation? What is the social status of woman who were pious founders and what is their motive for pious foundation? Studings show since AL-MOZZAFAR until SAFAVI era royal woman have participated in pious foundation as men have done so. But since SAFAVI era woman from average status have dedicated their wealth with clergy encouragement for preaching SHIA religion and since GHAJAR era this role developed more. It shows woman’s higher status and their financial independence in this period.