پديد آورندگان :
شكفته، عاطفه دانشگاه هنر اصفهان - دانشكدۀ حفاظت و مرمت - گروه مرمت اشياء فرهنگي و تاريخي , عودباشي، اميد دانشگاه هنر اصفهان - دانشكدۀ حفاظت و مرمت - گروه مرمت اشياء فرهنگي و تاريخي , كولترونه، جوزپه دانشگاه گرانادا - روه پترولوژي و مينرالوژي، اسپانيا , مسعود انصاري دانشگاه هنر اصفهان - دانشكدۀ حفاظت و مرمت - گروه مرمت اشياء فرهنگي و تاريخي
كليدواژه :
معدن‌كاري باستاني , معبد آناهيتا كنگاور , معدن چل‌مران , سنگ آهك , كلسيت
چكيده فارسي :
شناسايي منابع و معادن جهت استخراج و استحصال مواد اوليه در دنياي باستان، موضوعي جالب‌توجه است. نتايج حاصل از مطالعه و شناسايي معادن باستاني مي‌تواند منجر به شناخت بهتر فناوري توليد مواد و ابزار در دنياي باستان توسط متخصصان باستان‌سنجي شود و نشان دهد كه هنرمندان و صنعتگران دنياي باستان چگونه سعي در استفاده از مواد خام جهت توليد اشياء مختلف روزمره و آثار هنري مي‌كرده‌اند. ازسوي ديگر، شناسايي معادن باستاني مي‌تواند در برخي موارد (مانند آثار سنگي) مواد اوليۀ مناسب را جهت بازسازي آثار در اختيار مرمتگران آثار تاريخي قرار دهد. در اين مقاله، سنگ‌هاي به‌كار رفته در معبد آناهيتا كنگاور و معدن باستاني كوه چل‌مران با استفاده از روش‌هاي آزمايشگاهي مطالعه شده‌اند. هدف از اين پژوهش، شناسايي تركيب شيميايي و ساختاري سنگ‌هاي به‌كار‌رفته در معبد آناهيتا و ارتباط آن‌ها با شواهد معدن‌كاري باستاني در كوه چل‌مران است. به اين‌منظور نمونه‌هاي سنگ معبد آناهيتا و معدن چل‌مران با استفاده از روش فلوئورسانس اشعۀ ايكس و پتروگرافي مقطع نازك آزمايش شده‌اند. پرسش اصلي پژوهش اين است كه با استفاده از مطالطعات آزمايشگاهي (در كنار يافته‌هاي باستان‌شناسي) مي‌توان رابطۀ دقيق‌تري بين معدن سنگ چل‌مران و آثار سنگي محوطۀ معبد آناهيتا كنگاور مشاهده نمود؟ نتايج نشان داد كه سنگ‌هاي معبد آناهيتا و معدن چل‌مران، هردو از نوع سنگ آهك هستند و عناصري مانند سيليسيوم و منيزيوم تنها به‌عنوان عناصر فرعي و به‌ميزان كم در تركيب نمونه‌ها وجود دارند. ساختار ميكروسكوپي سنگ‌ها شامل فاز كلسيت همراه با ناخالصي‌هاي دولوميت و كاني‌هاي رُسي است. براساس نتايج، معدن كوه چل‌مران به عنوان منبع مهم توليد قطعات سنگ در ساخت معبد آناهيتا مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است.
چكيده لاتين :
Identification of resources and quarries used for extraction of raw materials in the ancient time is a very interesting subject matter for researchers and archaeologists. Results of analysis and study of ancient mines and quarries may lead to characterize the know- how of ancient technology of production of materials and tools in the old world and shows the techniques rendered by artists and craftsmen to apply raw materials for producing different artistic and ordinary objects. Moreover, identification of ancient mines and quarries (especially stone quarries) provide unaltered materials for conservators to reconstruct archaeological and historical stone monuments. In this paper, stone blocks used in Anahita Temple in Kangavar and ancient stone quarry of Chel Maran (Chehel Maran) were studied by analytical methods. The aim of this study is to determine chemical composition and microstructure of stones used in the Anahita Temple and their correlation with the stone mining evidences observed in the Chel Maran quarry. For this purpose, some samples from the temple and the quarry were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and polarized optical microscopy methods. The results indicated that the stones used in the temple and those of the quarry are limestones and Si and Mg were identified in the analysed samples as minor constituents. Microscopic structure of samples presented calcite as the main phase including some dolomite crystals and clay minerals as impurities. Based on the results obtained, the Chel Maran ancient stone quarry was widely used for the construction of the Anahita Temple.
Keywords: Ancient Mining, Anahita Temple of Kangavar, Chel Maran Quarry, Limestone, Calcite.
Introduction
Stone has been used widely during the ancient time to make different artefacts and monuments including small ritual and decorative objects, reliefs, decorative monuments and buildings. The studies on quarrying and manufacturing of stone objects as well as the provenance of raw materials are an interesting subject in geoarchaeological and archaeometric investigations (Goldberg et al, 2006), and this is a useful study when restoration interventions are required.
The large archaeological complex of Anahita Temple is located in western Iran, in the city of Kangavar and based on the archaeological excavations and findings, it was dated from the Achaemenid to the Sasanian periods (Azarnoush, 1981; Kambakhsh Fard, 1994). It was constructed on a natural hill and it was erected by stone and gypsum mortars. The main building was built with large stone blocks including cubic blocks for walls and very large and thick circular columns. There are some evidences of stone quarrying in different areas near the Anahita Temple. The main and important stone quarry in this region is Chel Maran (Chehel Maran) stone quarry located in the west of the Temple in a mountain with the same name (Chel Maran mount) (Oudbashi, 2008). The aim of this paper is to analyse the stones from Anahita Temple and the Chel Maran quarry in order to compare their chemical and microstructural features and to find a possible relationship between the building and the quarry.
Methods
Five fragments from the Anahita Temple and two big samples from the Chel Maran quarry were selected. Ten grams of each sample was powdered for chemical analysis. A thin section was prepared from each sample for microscopic studies. The chemical composition of samples was characterized by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis by using a S4 Pioneer model X-ray fluorescence spectrometer manufactured by Bruker. Microscopic observation of fragments and stones were done on thin sections by using a Primotech model Zeiss polarized optical microscope. Thin sections were studied by alizarin-red method to identify presence of dolomite in the texture of stone samples (Flügel et al., 2010)
Findings and Argument
The results of XRF analysis of the stone samples are presented in Table 1. The results show that all samples are calcarous stones as can be deduced by the high amount of CaO and the loss on ignition (LOI). Furthermore, SiO2, MgO and Al2O3 were detected as minor constituents in the composition of the stone samples. Other elements were detected as minor/trace content in the compsoition of samples. Although, the stones shows variable amounts of some constituents such as Na2O or Al2O3 , it is visible that the chemical compsoiton of stone samples of the Temple and the quarry is quite similar.
The pertographic study showed a layerad texture of micrite to sparite in all samples. There were many veins of secondary calcite in the texture of the samples. Alizarine-red test indicated the presence of sporadic dolomite crystals in the texture of the stone samples. Furthermore, some compact clay veins were visible with dark colors in the microstructure of the samples (Bausch, 1968). The compariosn of the petrographic micrographs of samples from the Anahita Temple and the Chel Maran quarry reveals that they are very similar from textural point of view, in particular, sample CM-2 that was taken from the western part of the Chel Maran mount, where many evidences of quarrying and stone extraction are visible in that area.
Conclusion
The results of chemical and petrographic analysis of the stone samples from the Anahita Temple of Kangavar and the Chel Maran stone quarry showed that the Chel Maran stone quarry was used as a main resource to provide stone blocks for the construction of the Anahita Temple. The analysis indicated that the stone samples can be classified as limestone with some impurities such as SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO that are due to presence of clay minerals and dolomite in the structure of both the stone of the Temple and the quarry. The petrographic studies also showed a micrite to sparite texture with evidences of clay veins and small amounts of dolomite spread in the texture of the stones. The results obtained proved the similarity of the chemistry and the texture of samples from Anahita Temple and the quarry which indicate that the ancient quarry of Chel Maran was one of the source of the stones used in the historic monument of Anahita Temple.
