چالش تجربه زيبائي شناختي در بستر سوبژكتيويته دكارتي

The Challenge of Aesthetic Experience in Cartesian Subjectivism

سوبژكتيويته منتج از كوجيتوي دكارت، بر بستر رخدادهاي متنوعي از جمله هنر اومانيستي رنسانس شكل گرفت، اين تحول انديشه اي بديع و نگرشي شامل عرصه هاي مختلف فلسفي است. ازمنظر دكارت زيبايي سوبژكتيو است و هر چيزي كه سليقه يا حساسيت ذهني ما را ارضاء كند، زيبا است؛ اين رويكرد پس از دكارت نيز تداوم مي يابد و با محوريت يابي ذوق در پنداشت امرزيبا، در آراي متفكراني همچون: برك، هيوم وكانت بارور مي گردد. در اين پژوهش با تكيه برماهيت سوبژكتيو تجربه زيباشناسي، بر ساحت انفسي تجربه تاكيد مي گردد واز اين طريق بحث     را ازچالش هاي حاكم بر داوري زيبا شناختي، كه عمدتا مبتني بر لحاظ عناصر عيني و ابژكتيو در قضاوت زيباشناختي است، متوجه ساحت انفسي تجربه و درنهايت محوريت فرد در صدور اين داوري ها گرداند. پرسش اصلي اين پژوهش در راستاي چالشي است كه بر ماهيت سوبژكتيويته بر بستر زيبايي شناسي رخ مي دهد؛ اينكه چگونه سوبژكتيويته دكارت در دوران معاصر مورد نقد  واقع شده است، نقدهايي كه منجر به تغيرات مهمي در تفكر و هنر گرديده است. چالش سوبژكتيويته دكارت، زمينه را براي چالش بزررگ سوبژكتيويته در عصر حاضر و محوريت يابي فرد به جاي انسان كلي، فراهم مي گرداند. پژوهش حاضر پژوهشي كيفي است كه درآن نگارنده به روش مطالعه اسنادي اطلاعات را گردآوري كرده است.

As one of the results of Descartes’ cogito, subjectivism is an innovative thought in the heart of his philosophical system and is the attitude involving various philosophical arenas, including epistemic, ethical, and cognitive. In the field of Aesthetics, Descartes considers the aesthetic judge as the basis, and he believes aesthetics to be a totally subjective entity. From this perspective, beauty is subjective, and anything that satisfies our taste or mental sensibility is beautiful. This new viewpoint on aesthetic object continues in the course of philosophical events after Descartes, and taste having the central role in imagining aesthetic object , developed in the philosophical views of thinkers such as Burke, Hume and even Kant. Kant is one of the most important philosophers behind Descartes. He has played a significant role in the development of Cartesian subjectivity. Kant expanded subjectivity in various areas, including the process of understanding, ethics and aesthetics. Apart from the aesthetics, Kant managed to create a coherent philosophical system in all spheres of thought. He faced a major challenge in the field of aesthetics. The challenge was due to the taste-based aesthetic rules and The morality of these sentences eliminates the possibility of generalizability of these sentencesTherefore, the aesthetic rulings like the rest of Kant’s rulings can not be issued in the first two critiques. The main challenge here came from. The resulting subjectivity of Descartes was challenged at the aesthetic station. It was the first time that Cartesian subjectivity that succeeded in other areas of thought was criticized. The criticisms that target the basis of Cartesian subjectivity and Opens the way for new critiques. The most important of these critiques saw the general look of humans. In the subjectivist approach, man has always been viewed in general. In this approach, man had lost his individuality and The identity and the role of the individual were neglected from the point of view of the subjective thinkers. Subjectivist philosophers sought to define man under universal and universal rules, A look that stripped humanity of any freedom of action and He transformed man into a fully recognizable duplicate machine. The individuality of man was critically acclaimed in the form of fresh critique of Cartesian subjectivity.The aim of the present study is with the support of the subjective nature of aesthetic experience, highlights individual dimension of the experience and order; an‎d by means of this, changes the route of discussions on those challenges ruling aesthetic judgement, which are mainly based on involving objective elements in aesthetic judgement, to that of individual dimension of the experience and eventually to the centrality of individuals in issuing these judgements. The approach to the individual has been considered in modern attitudes in the field of art and philosophy. Everyday, the importance of individual individuality in different areas of thought becomes greater. Contemporary art has also been influenced by this individualized approach.The present study is a qualitative research in which the author has used method of library research and note taking technique to collect information