نقش طب سنتي در پيشرفت علوم بينايي و بينايي شناسي (اپتومتري )

The role of traditional medicine on Progress of visual science and optometry

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻭﻫﺪﻑ: ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ، ﻋﻠﻮﻣﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻮ ﻡ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ، ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ)ﺍﭘﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ( ﻭ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻨـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻴﺰﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﭼﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﺴﺐ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ . ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻃﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨـﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺼﺮ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ، ﺩﺭ ﻛﺪﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﻄـﻊ ﺯﻣـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻳﺪ. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎ: ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ، ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ، ﺍﻻﻏﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻪ، ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺼﻮﺭ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ ﺟﻬـﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﻭﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﻭﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻳﺰﻥ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ )ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ، ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ، ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ، ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ، ﭼـﻴﻦ ، ﻛـﺮﻩ ، ژﺍﭘـﻦ ( ﻭ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭﺍژﻩ ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ، ﺫﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄ ﺛﻴﺮ ﻃﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍژﻩ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻧﻴﻪ ، ﻣﺮﺩﻣـﻚ ، ﻋﻨﺒﻴـﻪ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ، ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ، ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺴﺘﺤﻮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ: ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻭﺳﻮﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ، ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺍﻧﺴـ ﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒـﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭﻱ ، ﻛﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺼﺮ ، ﺍﺣﻮﻝ ،ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ، ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ، ﺫﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ، ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ، ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺍژﻩ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ , iris , lens ,retina ,cataract, cornea, ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﻃﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﺍژﻩ ﻫﺎ ، ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎ ، ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻭﺳﻮﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ، ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ، ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺧـ ﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ، ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ )ﺍﭘﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ(ﻭﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﺍﺯﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺐ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ، ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻤﻼً ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻃﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻌـﺪﺍﺯ ﻣـﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ

Background and Purpose: Since the beginning of history human has always been facing optical problems such as refractive errors, presbyopia, cataract, visual deviation (strabismus) and disturbance of visual rays reflected from the environment and eye disease. A human with a familiarity with nature, understood traditional medicine. One of the most important members of the human being is his eye. It consists of forty different parts. With the help of traditional medicine, it was able to resolve eye optical problems in the past. In the present age, traditional medicine, in collaboration with new medicine helps him overcome. Eye refracted error. Methods and Materials: This research, it was necessary to have a review of books specially history of Iranian medicals. This book is dedicated to the success of the Iranian ophthalmology with the help of, traditional medicine. Ibn Sina reminds a very important point, Eye function leads to the formation of an image on the retina. an‎d blurred of eye no relation to do with the brain. Eyebright used for the treatment of eye optical problems, Write in great effect or by intense winds، Weak eyesight and cognitivist. Conclusion: Different studies show that in different historical period from the fourth and third millenniums B.C. up to the early millennium A.D., in accordance with the human’ needs, different instruments had been invented such as spectacle, magnifying glass and artificial eye. As Iranians have a long history of familiarity with optical sciences, Attempts were down also made on traditional medicine and Use medicinal herbs to fix vision problems, and increase its power.