كليدواژه :
معاهده , نقض معاهده در قرآن , اصول حقوقي نقض , اصول اخلاقي نقض
چكيده فارسي :
در حقوق بين‌الملل اسلامي، معاهده به توافق ميان دولت اسلامي با ساير دول و سازمان‌هاي بين‌المللي اطلاق مي‌شود؛ اعم از اينكه معين باشد (صلح، امان و...) يا غيرمعين كه بر اساس نيازمندي‌هاي دولت اسلامي در شرايط صلح در روابط بين‌المللي ايجاد مي‌شود. نقش مهم معاهدات در اين روابط، انكار‌ناپذير است. از طرف ديگر، نقض معاهده اثر نامطلوبي در روابط بين‌الملل خواهد داشت. منابع اسلامي نقض معاهده را بر‌نمي‌تابد. از‌اين‌رو، در اين پژوهش با در نظر گرفتن مجموعه‌اي از آيات قرآن با موضوعيت نقض معاهده، به اصول مهمي اشاره مي‌شود؛ مانند اصل عدم نقض معاهده، ولو با غير‌مسلمان؛ مگر اينكه معاهده از يك طرف نقض شود كه مقابله‌به‌مثل جايز است. همچنين الغاي يك‌جانبة معاهده با احراز شرايطي مانند ظهور قرائن دال بر نقض، جايز است و اصل بر اعلام لغو معاهده است. از سوي ديگر، اصل عزتمندي مسلمين حاكم بر كلية معاهدات آنهاست. در كنار اين اصول حقوقي، اصول اخلاقي وجود دارند كه بر استواري معاهده با تعهد طرفين مي‌افزايد.
چكيده لاتين :
In Islamic International Law, a treaty refers to an agreement between the Islamic State and other states and international organizations, whether definite (peace, amnesty, etc.) or indefinite, i.e. based on the requirements of the Islamic State during peace in international relations. The important role of treaties in these relations is indisputable. On the other hand, the violation of treaty will have an adverse effect on international relations. Since Islamic sources never allow violation of treaty, this paper studies some Qur'anic verses on the violation of treaty and points out some important principles such as the principle of non-violation of treaty even with non-Muslims, unless the treaty is violated by one side and retaliation is permissible. Similarly, the abrogation of treaty is subject to conditions such as the emergence of evidence indicating violation, announcement of the abrogation of treaty, and maintenance of Muslims’ honor and dignity that governs all treaties etc. Along with these legal principles, there are also some ethical principles that add to the stability of treaty with the commitment of the parties.
Keywords: treaty, violation of treaty in the Quran, legal principles of violation, ethical principles of violation.
A Comparative Study of the Role of the Judiciary in the Islamic Countries of Afghanistan, Egypt, Pakistan and Iran
Mohammad Baqer Fahimi / Fourth Level in Qom Seminary School baqer136513@yahoo.com
Seyyed Ebrahim Hosseini / Assistant Professor of Imam Khomeini Institute of Education and Research
Received: 2018/07/02 - Accepted: 2019/02/14 sehoseini@hotmail.com
Abstract
Based on the theory of the separation of powers, the judiciary is considered a part of government’s three main sections with certain functions, but in some Islamic countries, more duties have been assigned to this power. The comparative study of this power in the Islamic countries of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Egypt can show its strengths and weaknesses and, therefore, propose an effective judicial power. The shortcomings in the Afghan judiciary power include the lack of some organizations such as the Administrative Violations Court and the National Inspectorate aa well as the absence of a supervisory organization in the judicial power. On the other hand, the task of interpreting the constitution and adjusting the laws with it is beyond the competence of this power. The Egyptian judiciary power has a systematic structure, and there are many institutions to oversee the judiciary power in this country, but its main challenge concerns its presidential affiliation. The main challenge for the Pakistani judiciary is the lack of independence; the president of the judiciary and the judges are all appointed by the president. The judiciary power in Iran has a systematic organization. It is independent, and one of its strengths is that it is supervised by a just and mujtahid jurisprudent.
