طراحي محيطي به منظور ‌پيش‌گيري از جرم در كانون‌هاي جرم‌خيزشهري

EnvironmentalDesign to Prevent Crime in Urban Crime Centers

ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و از اﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ وﻗـﻮع ﺟـﺮم ﺧﻮاﻫـﺪ داﺷﺖ. ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﮑﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﮑﺎب ﺑﺰه در ﺷـﻬﺮﻫ ﺎ و ﺗـﻼش ﺑـﺮاي ﭘﯿﺸـﮕﯿﺮي و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺟﺮم، اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺴﺰاﯾﯽ دارد. از آﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺟـﺮاﯾﻢ در ﺑﺴـﺘﺮ ﻣﮑـﺎن رخ ﻣـﯽ دﻫـﺪ، ﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ، ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري و ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎزي ﻧﻤﻮد ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ، راهﺣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﯽ در ﭘﯿﺶﮔﯿﺮي از وﻗﻮع ﺟﺮم ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﺌـﻮري ﭘﯿﺸـﮕﯿﺮي از ﺟـﺮم از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ ﻃﺮاﺣـﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻄـﯽ )CPTED( ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ رﻓﺘﺎر اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ در ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺷﻬﺮي ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻗﺮار دارد. ﻫﺪف ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ روﯾﮑﺮد ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﯿﺮي از ﺟـﺮم ﺑـ ﺎ ﻃﺮاﺣـﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد در ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از وﻗﻮع ﺟﺮم و اﯾﺠـﺎد اﻣﻨﯿـﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄـﯽ ﺑـ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و ﺳﭙﺲ اراﺋﻪ راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻤـﺎران و ﻃﺮاﺣـﺎن ﺷـﻬﺮي در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ اﯾﻤﻦ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ اﺳﺖ. ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي ﺷـﻬﺮﻫ ﺎ در ﺑـﺮوز ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﺰاﯾﯽ دارﻧﺪ و ﺗﻮزﯾـﻊ ﻓﻀـﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت ﺑﺰﻫﮑـﺎري را در ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺷـﻬﺮﻫ ﺎ ﭘﺪﯾـﺪ ﻣﯽ آورد. ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ و ﺟﺮم از آن روﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ وﯾﮋﮔـﯽ ﻫـﺎي ﻓﻀـﺎﯾﯽ و ﻣﺤﯿﻄـﯽ ﺷـﻬﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﭘﺮورش دﻫﻨﺪة ﺟﺮاﯾﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﯾﮑﯽ از راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﯿﺮي از ﺟﺮم و ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻞﺳﺎزي ﮐﺎﻧﻮنﻫﺎي ﺟﺮمﺧﯿﺰ ﺷﻬﺮي اﺳﺖ ﮐـﻪ اﻣـﺮوزه از ﮐﺎرآﻣـﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد روﯾﮑـﺮد ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﯿﺮي از ﺟﺮم از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ راﻫﮑﺎرﻫـﺎي ﺗـﺄﻣﯿﻦ اﻣﻨﯿـﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﺒـﺪي در ﻓﻀـﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي ﺿﻤﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧـﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد اﻣﻨﯿﺖ در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.

The environment can influence behavior and thus have an indirect effect on crime. It is important to identify multiple locations for crime in cities and to try to prevent and reduce crime. Because crime takes place in the context of the place, the proper design of the environment, expressed in the form of architecture and urban planning, is a good solution to prevent crime. Theory of Criminal Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is based on the idea that human behavior in an urban environment is influenced by environmental design. The purpose of this article is to investigate the approach of crime prevention with environmental design as the most important one in preventing crime and creating environmental security by designing and then presenting solutions to assist architects and urban designers in designing a safe residential environment against crime. . The physical structure of cities has a major impact on crime and creates a different spatial distribution of crime across cities. The relationship between the city and crime is because the spatial and environmental characteristics of the city can foster specific crimes. One of the physical strategies of crime prevention and deactivation of urban crime centers is today the most efficient application of crime prevention approach by designing environmentally sound physical security solutions. Based on this approach, improving physical conditions while reducing criminal opportunities leads to improved security in cities.