ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺼﻮل و ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري

Analyzing Rangelands Management Projects

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎن درازي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻧﺠﺎت ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﮐﺸﻮر ﺗﺠﻮﯾﺰ ﻣـﯽ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ دارا ﺑﻮدن ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﺟﻬﺖ اﺟﺮا ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداران ذﯾﻨﻔﻊ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﮔﺎن آن ﻫﺎ واﮔﺬار ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ. وﻟﯽ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﻮز ﻫﻢ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺣﺘﯽ در اﮐﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎ اﺟﺮا ﮔﺮدﯾـﺪه اﻧـﺪ، ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﺒﻮده و ﺳﺌﻮاﻻت زﯾﺎدي در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻗﺎﻧﻊ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه اي ﺑﻪ آن ﻫﺎ داده ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳـﺖ، اﯾـﻦ ﮐـﻪ آﯾـﺎ ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺘﻮن ﮐﺘﺎﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ رﺿﺎﯾﺖ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺠﺮﯾﺎن و ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎن را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ؟ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداران در ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و اﺟﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭼﻘﺪر دﺧﯿﻠﻨﺪ؟ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﺪ درﺻﺪ از ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﯽ، ﻃﺮح ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻬﯿﻪ آن ﻫـﺎ ﭼﻘـﺪر زﻣﺎن ﺑﺮده اﺳﺖ؟ اراﺿﯽ ﺑﺪون ﻃﺮح ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﮑﺘﺎرﻧﺪ و ﭼﻘﺪر زﻣﺎن ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻃﺮح ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﮔـﺮدد و در ﻃﻮل اﯾﻦ ﻣﺪت، وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد ؟ ﭼﻨﺪ درﺻﺪ از ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎ واﮔﺬار ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ و ﭼﻨﺪ درﺻـﺪ از آن ﻫـﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻮده اﻧﺪ و ﮐﺠﺎ؟ ﭼﻨﺪ درﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻧﺒﻮده و ﭼﺮا؟ آﯾﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﭘﺴﺮوﻧﺪه ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ روﻧـﺪ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮد ﺷـﺎن ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ آﯾﺎ ﺗﺪاوم ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﺿﻌﯿﻒ آن در ﺗﺸـﮑﯿﻼت اداري، ﻫـﻢ ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ ﻋـﺪم ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﺐ وﺳﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات و ﻧﯿﺮوي اﻧﺴـﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد آن، ﻣـﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﻣﺸـﮑﻼت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃـﻪ را ﺣـﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﯾـﺪ ؟ و ﻏﯿـﺮه. ﺑﺴـﯿﺎري از ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺼﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻊ، داﺷﺘﻦ دﯾﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ )ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎ، ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ داﻧﺶ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ، ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ و ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري و ﻏﯿﺮه را ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﻤﺪه اﯾﻦ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺎن ﻧﻤﻮده و راﻫﮑﺎر ﻣﻤﮑﻦ را ﺑﯿﺪاري اﻓﮑﺎر ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﯽ و ﺷـﯿﻮع ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﺰم ﻣﻠﯽ دارد، ﻣﻨﻮط داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: وﻟﯽ از آن ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺧﻮب ﺗﺠﻮﯾﺰي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮاي درﻣﺎن ﻣﺮاﺗـﻊ ﺑﯿﻤـﺎر اﻫﻤﯿـﺖ ﺑﺴـﯿﺎري دارد، ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺘﯽ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺷﯿﻮه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﺳـﻨﺎدي، ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟـﺐ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري اﻗﺪام ﻧﻤﻮدﯾﻢ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ اﺟﺮاي آن ﻫﺎ در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘـﯽ، ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻋﯿﻨﯽ، ﻧﺸﺎن از ﺳﯿﺮ ﻗﻬﻘﺮاﯾﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻣـﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻫـﺎي ﻏﻠـﻂ ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ و ﺣـﺎل دارد. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾـﺖ رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ را ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ از ﺿﺮورت ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﻀﻞ دام ﻣﺎزاد ﺑﺮ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ، ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ داﻧـﺶ ﻣﯽ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ در ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎ، زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي اﺟﺮاي ﭘﺮوژه ﻗـﺮق و ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ در ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ، ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي در دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮدن ﻧﯿﺎز ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺘﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، اﺟﺮاي ﺟـﺪي ﻗـﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد و اﺻﻼح آن ﻫﺎ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﮐﺎﻫﺶ داﻣﺪار و دام ﻣﺎزاد، ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎرش درآﻣﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ در ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﮐﻠﯿﺸﻪ اي ﻃﺮح ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌـﺪاري در ﮐﻨـﺎر اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺠـﺎرب و داﻧـﺶ ﺑـﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺟﻠﺐ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻣﺮدم و اﺻﻼح ﻗـﻮاﻧﯿﻦ و ﻣﻘـﺮرات دﺳـﺖ و ﭘـﺎ ﮔﯿـﺮ ﻣﺸـﺎرﮐﺖ واﻗﻌـﯽ ﻣﺮدﻣـﯽ، از ﺿﺮورﯾﺎت ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﯽ رود

It is many years that rangelands management projects have been being used as an only prescription after rangelands degradation due land use changing. These projects with the determined programs are transferred to the land users. Unfortunately the evidence showed that these were not useful to rehabilitation of the rangelands condition. The most important reason was up- bottom or engineering view about this area. So we decided to make a critical analyze on the projects, for this we studied many of rangelands management projects of some provinces then wrote our proposition about the matter. It is many years that rangelands management projects have been being used as an only prescription after rangelands degradation due land use changing. These projects with the determined programs are transferred to the land users. Unfortunately the evidence showed that these were not useful to rehabilitation of the rangelands condition. The most important reason was up- bottom or engineering view about this area. So we decided to make a critical analyze on the projects, for this we studied many of rangelands management projects of some provinces then wrote our proposition about the matter.