پديد آورندگان :
ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ، اردوان داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اردﺑﯿﻠﯽ - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و آﺑﺨﯿﺰداري , ﮐﺎوﯾﺎن ﭘﻮر، اﻣﯿﺮﺣﺴﯿﻦ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و آﺑﺨﯿﺰداري , ﺳﺘﺎرﯾﺎن، ﻋﻠﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻨﺒﺪﮐﺎووس - ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ , ﻣﻠﮏ ﭘﻮر، ﺑﻬﺮوز ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ
كليدواژه :
ﺗﻨﻮع زﯾﺴﺘﯽ , ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن , ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ , ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺳﯿﺐ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ و در ﻣﻌﺮض اﻧﻘﺮاض
چكيده فارسي :
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ و ﻫﺪف: اﯾﺮان زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺑﯿﺶ از 7500 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺣﻮﺿﻪ آﺑﺨﯿﺰ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺎ داﺷﺘﻦ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع داراي وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اﺳﺖ. از دﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺳﺎل ﺑﺮاي اﺻﻼح و اﺣﯿﺎء زﻣﺎن ﻧﯿﺎز دارد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ، ﺷﮑﻞ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ و ﮐﻮرﯾﻮﺗﯿﭗ آن ﻫﺎ در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ آﺑﺨﯿﺰ ﺗﻬﺮان و اراﺋﻪ راﻫﮑﺎر ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و روﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي آن ﻫﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﻫﺎي اوﻟﯿﻪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي اراﺿﯽ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ در ﻣﻘﯿﺎس 1:50000، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد و ﺑﺎزدﯾﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ، در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 31 روﯾﺸﮕﺎه در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ )ﺟﻬﺎت و ﺷﯿﺐ ﻫﺎ( و دوري و ﻧﺰدﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﮐﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻫﺮ روﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ در ﺻﺤﺮا ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ و اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ آن ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺑﺎرﯾﻮم ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ارﺳﺎل ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻮدن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. اﻟﻒ( ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ و ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﮔﻠﺪار در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﯾﺮان ب( ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺣﺪود 650 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﮐﻠﯽ اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ.
ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺗﻬﺮان 170 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 36 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده و 103 ﺟﻨﺲ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي Asteraceae ﺑﺎ 30 و Fabaceae ﺑﺎ 24 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎي Astragalus ﺑﺎ 15 و Cousinia ﺑﺎ 7 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادﻧﺪ. از 24 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اﻧﺤﺼﺎري اﯾﻦ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ، 5 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در وﺿﻌﯿﺖ DD )ﮐﻤﺒﻮد اﻃﻼﻋﺎت(، 3 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در وﺿﻌﯿﺖ VU )آﺳﯿﺐ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ( و 16 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در وﺿﻌﯿﺖ LR )ﮐﻢ ﺧﻄﺮ( ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﻓﺮم ﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس روش راﻧﮑﺎﯾﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﻫﻤﯽ ﮐﺮﯾﭙﺘﻮﻓﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ )He( ﺑﺎ درﺻﺪ )92 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ( و ﮐﺎﻣﻔﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ )Ch( ﺑﺎ 17/65 درﺻﺪ )30 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ( ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﻮرﯾﻮﺗﯿﭗ، ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ روﯾﺸﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ اﯾﺮان- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ اروﭘﺎ- ﺳﯿﺒﺮي- اﯾﺮان و ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ. در ﮐﻞ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ از 60 درﺻﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ در ﻣﺤﺪوده ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از 2000 ﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ دارﻧﺪ.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ آﻧﻘﻮزه ).Ferula persica Willd( و ﺑﺎدرﻧﺠﺒﻮﯾﻪ ).Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss( ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ، ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺑﯽ روﯾﻪ، ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دام و ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﺻﻮل ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﻣﺮﺗﻊ )ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﭼﺮاي ﻣﻔﺮط، ﭼﺮاي زودرس و رﯾﺸﻪ ﮐﻨﯽ( در وﺿﻌﯿﺖ EN )در ﻣﻌﺮض اﻧﻘﺮاض( ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﺳﻮء ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس دﺳﺘﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ و ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ، ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻮﻣﯽ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﺪﯾﺮان ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺧﻮد را ارﺗﻘﺎء دﻫﻨﺪ. ﮐﻪ در ﻏﯿﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻨﻘﺮض ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد: 1( اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ژﻧﻮﺗﯿﭗ ﻫﺎ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ و ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺑﺬور ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري در ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ژن ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﯿﺮد. 2( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ژﻧﻮﺗﯿﭗ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺆﺛﺮه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ آن ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺰارع ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﯿﺮد. 3( اﺻﻼح دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺣﺎﮐﻢ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آﺑﺨﯿﺰداري و ﻣﺮﺗﻊ داري، ﻣﺒﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ در ﺳﻄﺢ روﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﯿﺮد. ﻣﺠﺪداً ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﯿﺮد ﭼﻮن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ و ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از آن ﻫﺎ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮان ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن را ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﻨﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
Abstract1
Background and Objectives: Iran is the habitat of over 7500 plant species. Tehran watershed with having varied ecological factors has good condition for distribution of plants. Loss of genetic and species diversity by the destruction of natural habitats will take many years to correct and restore. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify and introduce the threatened plant species, life forms, and chorotypes of them in Tehran watershed and present recommendations for conservation action.
Materials and Methods: To investigation the vegetation cover of this study area, after preliminary investigations and using land use maps at 1:50000 scale, studying related references and field studies, were selected 31 habitats at different elevations using aspect and slopes and distance to Tehran city. Collection and identification of plant species was conducted with field studies. Positions were recorded by GPS. Not identified species transported to laboratory and the herbarium of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands to identification. Assessment the risk of extinction performed with two phases. 1) Comparison and adjustment of identified species in the study area with the Iran Endangered flowered Species. 2) Assessment of 650 species using The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, and other related references including.
Results: Results show that in Tehran watershed there are 170 red plant species belonging to 37 families and 103 genera. The families with the high number of red species include, Asteraceae (30 species) and Fabaceae (24 species), and the main genera were Astragalus (15 species) and Cousinia (7 species). From the 24 endemic species in Tehran watershed flora 5 species are in Data Deficient (DD), 3 species in Vulnerable (VU) and 16 in Low Risk (LR) status. The dominant life forms of the identified species using Raunkiaer's method were: Hemicryptophytes (He) with 54.18% (92 species) and Chamophytes (Ch) with 17.65% (30 species). From the choryotype perspective, the most of the identified species belongs to Irano-Turanean, and then Europe-Siberian- Irano-Turanean regions. Overall, 60% of threatened species are distributed on the habitat with more than 2000 elevation.
Conclusion: Two species Ferula persica Willd. and Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. are in Endangered (EN) status Because of low distribution, overuse, increasing consumption demand of the rural and municipal communities, Increasing the cattle and ranches and ignoring the appropriate principals of utilization on rangeland arae (e.g. overgrazing, grazing premature and eradication). Mismanagement on the rangeland areas caused change in the mixture of plant community. Based on IUCN Categories and Criteria, Evidence show that many Endemic plants at the greatest risk of extinction. Therefore, natural resourses managers should be promotes their conservation planning. If its conservation measures are not achieved, the species may be extinct and will be into the extinct class. We present a series of recommendations for conservation action: 1) it needs to conserve the genotypes by considering conservation management and seeds collection for plant genetic banks. 2) Introducing adopted genotypes with the acceptable material efficiency for reproducing them at herbs farms (in the same ecoregions). 3) Moreover, improvement of the dominant attitude in the watershed and rangeland management sectors, in regards to the use of herbs directly on the natural habitat of these plants. Again, we emphasis that such researches should be performed at other regions beacause recognition and documentation of plant species particularly at the danger status and their geographical distribution are essential for further researches as well as for their protection. Such researches help the natural resourses managers to decrease or eliminate the danger of plant extinction by appropriate planning.
