واكاوي اصطلاح ولايت تكويني در ادبيات معاصر شيعي (از نخستين كاربرد تاكنون)

The Analysis of the Term Wilāyat Takwīnī (Creational Guardianship) in Contemporary Shiite Literature (From its First Use Until Now)

ولايت تكويني، امري نوظهور در تاريخ كلام شيعه است كه تحت تأثير عوامل مختلف شكل گرفته و دست‌خوش تغيير و تطور مفهومي شده است. براي نيل به تصويري روشن از سير شكل گيري و تطور اين ايده در طول تاريخ، بازخواني آموزه ولايت تكويني و بررسي تاريخ شكل‌گيري و تحولات آن ضروري مي‌نمايد. با مراجعه و واكاوي متون معاصر، در مي‌يابيم كه اولين كاربرد اين اصطلاح به قرن 13 باز مي‌گردد و پس از آن شاهد رواج و گسترش اين ايده در ميان متفكرين معاصر شيعه هستيم. از آراء و نظريات موجود مي‌توان نوعي نگاه طيفي به انديشه ولايت تكويني را يافت. در اين نگاه، يك سر طيف افرادي هستند كه انديشه ولايت تكويني را به «معناي كامل و جامع» آن پذيرفته‌اند (رويكرد حداكثري به ولايت تكويني) و در سر ديگر طيف افرادي هستند كه به «انكار» ولايت تكويني مي‌پردازند (رويكرد انكاري) و اما در اين بين افراد زيادي هستند كه ولايت تكويني را با «حدود مشخص و با قيود خاصي» مي‌پذيرند (رويكرد ميانه به ولايت تكويني) قدر مشترك همه تعاريف ولايت تكويني بين منكرين و مويدين آن، البته با چشم پوشي از وسعت دايره اين قدرت و نيز چشم پوشي از وجود اراده اصيل نزد صاحب ولايت و يا واسطه بودن وي براي اراده الهي، قدرت تكويني بر تصرف است. اختلافات حول اين مفهوم نيز به دلايلي چون، عدم وجود مفهوم شناسي دقيق از اين واژه؛ نا مشخص بودن حدود تعريفي كه از ولايت تكويني ارائه مي‌دهند و نامشخص بودن اين مسئله كه آيا اثبات امكان ولايت تكويني دليلي بر ثبوت آن مي‌تواند باشد يا خير؛ باز مي‌گردد.

Creational guardianship (Wilāyat Takwīnī) is a newfound issue in the history of Shiite theology that has been formed under the influence of various factors and has undergone conceptual changes and evolutions. In order to get a clear picture of the formation and evolution of this idea throughout history, it is necessary to re-read the doctrine of creational guardianship and study the history of its formation and developments. By referring to and analyzing contemporary texts, we find that the first use of this term dates back to the 13th century, and since then we have seen the spread of this idea among contemporary Shiite thinkers. Based on the existing opinions and theories, we can find a kind of wide-ranging graded view of the idea of creational guardianship. In this view, on the one end of the spectrum there are people who have accepted the idea of ​​ creational guardianship in its complete and comprehensive sense (maximum approach to creational guardianship) and at the other end of the spectrum are those who deny creational guardianship (negative approach); but in between, there are many people who accept the creational guardianship with certain limits and restrictions (the moderate approach to the creational guardianship). The common factor in all definitions of creational guardianship proposed by both proponents and opponents is the creational power of (existential) intervention, apart from the scope of this power and also apart from the fact that whether the owner of the creational guardianship has an original will or he is a mediate for the Divine Will. Disagreements over this concept are also due to reasons such as the lack of an accurate semantics of the word, the vagueness of the definitions proposed for it and the uncertainty of whether the proof of its possibility can be taken as a reason for its existence or not.