چكيده لاتين :
Background and aims: Biomass is one of the most appropriate renewable energies has lots of
advantages including being renewable and environmentally friendly and containing social and
economical interests. “Biomass” means a power source that is comprised of, but not limited to,
combustible residues or gases from forest products manufacturing, waste, byproducts, or products from
agricultural and orchard crops, waste or co-products products from livestock and poultry operations,
waste or byproducts from and food processing, urban wood waste, municipal solid waste, municipal
liquid waste treatment operations, and landfill gas. Due to the wide availability of biomass worldwide,
mainly because it can be obtained as a by-product of many industrial and agricultural processes, biomass
represents a growing renewable energy source with high growth potential. Biomass helps reduce the
amount of GHG that give more impact to global warming and climate change. The biomass emissions
level is far smaller compared to fossil fuels. The basic difference between biomass and fossil fuels when
it comes to amount of carbon emissions is: all the CO2 which has been absorbed by plant for its growth
is going back in the atmosphere during its burning for the production of biomass energy. While the CO2
produced from fossil fuels is going to atmosphere where it increases greenhouse effect. Another great
advantage of biomass energy is that it is an indigenous fuel. The fuels from biomass materials can be
produced locally and no high technology is required. Producing fuel from biomass materials reduces the
dependence of a country on foreign resources for their fuel requirements. Moreover, since this
indigenous fuel is labor intensive, it can contribute to the generation of new jobs, particularly in rural
and farming communities. The number of employed workers required is 3-6 times greater than the fossil
energy production in the associated processes. This study was aimed to identification and green grading
of environmental management in that’s jobs. Some other socio-economic benefits can be counted such
as slowing down the migration from the rural areas to cities, decreasing the issues associated with rapid
urbanization, and developing a biodiesel production industry. Among its great benefits is the forest use
of the territory, which would also serve to clean the forest and thus prevent forest fires, and the ability to
generate jobs. Biomass generates continuous employment such as the extraction of raw materials from
the countryside and the bush. This study was aimed to identification and green grading of environmental
management in that’s jobs. The research questions are: 1. What are green job indicators? and 2. Are
renewable energy biomass business indicators of green jobs?
Methods: This study is qualitative – quantitative. According to the grounded theory semi-structured
interview with 50 environmental experts in the Environmental Protection Agency, the municipality,
faculty members of the universities, the natural resources and watershed management, agriculture
ministry and NGOs active in the environment conducted with purposeful sampling (snowball). The
applied methods for data validation included constant data comparison, reviewing the observers and
handwriting by participants and use of foreign and expert researchers familiar with qualitative research
as an observer. Then, data were analyzed using the grounded theory of open, axial and selective coding
analyzed in MAXQDA software. Once coding categories emerge, the next step is to link them together
in theoretical models around a central category that hold everything together. In order to explain the
grounded theory, green jobs are considered as the central variable, and the main line of research is
defined using reminders and diagrams around it, and finally the green indicators derived from it are
developed. Based on them, researcher-made questionnaire was designed in a combination, closed
response with 5-rate likert scale. In order to determine the validity of the questionnaire, the content
validity was used with the lawshe model and with reviewing previous studies was determined, the scope
of the questionnaire in greenness of the job, and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for internal consistency. Cronbach's alpha value for each research question
was more than 0.7, the reliability of the questionnaire was approved. Also, the Cronbach's alpha
coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.890. In order to estimate the repeatability, the retest method and
the ICC index were used that index was 0.996 (p<0.001), indicating its high repeatability. For estimating
the results of greenness and its degree in the jobs of renewable energy biomass, were used statistical
analysis of Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, single-sample t-test and Friedman test in SPSS software.
Results: Findings of the qualitative research on the structure of green job identification and prioritization were discussed in six categories including establishment in accordance with the legal and
technological infrastructure of the green job as context, green job as a phenomenon, environmental
pollution elimination and the health risks reduction of the community as causal conditions, green
management as operational strategies, environmental empowerment of jobs as an intermediary
conditions and economic and environmental benefits as a consequence. The results of quantitative to
showed that jobs studied are considered green jobs and their green grading are as follows: 1.
Maintenance (mean=5.61), 2. System Design (mean=4.83), 3. Training (mean=4.22), 4. Quality
Monitoring and Quality (mean=4.03), 5. Collection (mean=3.64), 6. Manufacturer (mean=3.61) and 7.
Worker and System Administrator (mean=2.06).
According to the results, components of green jobs are defined including: (1. explaining Green Jobs,
Productivity of Occupations, 2. environmental Protection and Health, 3. Green potentials and incentives,
4. environmental Standards and Indices of Health and Green Management, 5. environmental and health
challenges and solving energy crisis with the help of green jobs, 6. environmental education and green
culture, 7.environmental empowerment through a variety of environmental and health education,
informing and accompanying NGOs, 8. economic-ecological profitability and the optimistic approach to
economic interests (green economy) and impact of economic issues, profitability, financial support,
market regulation, and return on investment in the process of greening and green expanding businesses).
Results show that green indices of occupations are 1- environmental and health of profile occupational,
2- strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities green jobs, 3- green supply chain management of
businesses, 4- impact of green jobs on sustainable development and community health, 5- effect of
environmental education on the green performance of occupations, the impact of environmental
advertising on green performance and 6- reduce employee costs and increase business profits through
environmental management. These green jobs literature extols the virtues of generating energy using
“wood waste and other byproducts, including agricultural byproducts, ethanol, paper pellets, used
railroad ties, sludge wood, solid byproducts, and old utility poles. Several waste products are also used
in biomass, including landfill gas, digester gas, municipal solid waste, and methane.
Conclusion: The green features of the biomass business are included solving the problem of fossil fuels,
caused by fossil energy and renewable energy sources. identification and green grading jobs diversifying
energy sources, sustainable development, securing energy, removing environmental and health problems
would help to managers and policy makers for identifying and providing executive solutions and
identifying multifaceted priorities for green management.
Despite the high potential of bio-economy in renewable energy (biomass) and high amounts of raw
materials in the agricultural waste and sewage has not been fully realized. To achieve of developing a
competitive economy, low-carbon resources with efficient resources, global economic markets have
shifted strategy towards renewable energies, so as to create green jobs in order to reduce environmental
problems (waste and climate change). For performance of macroeconomic policy in notification
Supreme Leader on the restructuring of the country's economic structure has proposed policies to change
reducing dependencies on fossil fuels and external resources towards the creation and development of
green jobs in the field of renewable energy, especially biomass, because there are a lot of raw materials
in the country, especially in the villages and without necessary to high technologies. Biomass
development increase energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy resources and the creation of a
favourable environment for investment in energy efficiency measures and the generation of ‘green’ jobs.
The rural development prospects for green job growth are mixed. Rural areas contain biomass feedstocks
which will be increasingly relied upon to offset fossil fuel dependencies. The distribution of those
feedstocks, however, is not uniform across rural areas. Furthermore, the technologies to convert those
feedstocks into fuels and other uses are yet to be demonstrated at commercially successful scales. Both
policy development and research activities should be focused on the efficient utilization of rural natural
resources, human capital, and rural infrastructure in achieving national green policies. The green
economy appears to be fertile ground for unbiased, academic research to examine some of the regional
consequences of green jobs growth and green jobs policies, to include an examination of rural
opportunities, but going well beyond that dimension to include the integration of statewide and multistate
regional development opportunities as well as consequences.
This study was not about raw materials (waste and sewage) to produce renewable energy biomass, and it
is possible that this section may also be effective in the creation and development of green jobs, then
there may be restrictions on the generalized findings, interpretations, and attributes of the causation of
variables. Therefore, it is suggested that future research into this part of the process of producing
renewable energy biomass should be considered.
