كليدواژه :
تحريف , تاريخ بيهقي , قفا , قفا دريدن
چكيده فارسي :
تاريخ بيهقي ازجمله متون گرانبهاي پارسي است. با وجود تصحيحات ارزشمند صورت‌گرفته از اين كتاب، هنوز صورت و معناي دقيق بعضي واژه‌ها و اصطلاحات آن روشن نيست. يكي از اصطلاحاتي كه چند بار در تاريخ بيهقي به كار رفته است و مصححان و شارحان كتاب، بي هيچ ابراز ترديدي از كنار آن گذشته‌اند، اصطلاح «قفادريدن» است كه نگارنده گمان مي‌كند تحريفي در آن صورت گرفته است. در اين مقاله برآنيم با تبيين نادرستي اين اصطلاح به‌شكل كنوني، با شواهد و قرايني از خود كتاب و نيز ديگر متون كهن پارسي، صورت اصلي آن را بازيابي و معناي روشني از آن ارائه كنيم.
چكيده لاتين :
One of the issues raised in the study of ancient texts is the problem of distortion, and perhaps this is one of the important factors in creating ambiguity in these texts. Detecting and correcting these distortions can provide readers a more readable text and make it easier to access the information or knowledge presented in these works. One of the famous Persian works is Tarikh-e Beyhaqi (history of Bayaqi) that, despite the publication of valuable corrections, the exact meaning of some of its terms and expressions is not yet clear. One of these expressions is ‘qafa daridan’, which both the commentators and expositors of this work, as well as those who who have already discussed this issue, have accepted it in the same way and all have defined it as a metaphor for ‘discredit and disgrace’. The question of this article is whether this term could have the correct meaning in the same way or is its original form somewhat different and distorted? Based on this, it has been shown with the help of evidence and reasons that the present form of the term and the interpretations that the distinguished commentators have made cannot be correct. Then, with the help of the text of the Tarikh-e Beyhaqi as well as evidence from other ancient Persian manuscripts, the correct form is presented.
Introduction
Tarikh-e-Beyhaqiis one of the most valuable Persian texts of the fifth century AH. Therefore, looking at its words and terms and trying to discover their authenticity can be a worthwhile endeavor. One of the terms used in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi but ignored by scholars is ‘Qafa Daridan’. In this article, we will attempt to refute its present form by providing reasons and evidence and will find the correct form.
Material & Methods
The word ‘Qafa’ has been used 9 times in Tarikh-e Baihaqi: six times in the sense of ‘behind’, two times in the sense of ‘above’, and once in the sense of ‘hit on the neck’. Also, it has been used once as a verb with the word ‘khordan’ (eating) meaning ‘to punish, to beat’.
‘Qafa Daridan’ has also been used three times in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi:
1- In the story of the arrival of the ministry of Khwaja Ahmad Meimandi and the king’s first formal and secret meeting with him: “Some were given jobs, and some were dismissed and them (Qafq Daridan)” (Modarres Sadeghi, 2009, p. 170)
2- In the Turkmen story, when the Minister talks about bringing Turkmens to Khorasan by Soltan Mahmud and its negative results: “There was so much trouble them … (Qafq Daridan) and they drove him out of Khorasan” (ibid., p. 272)
3- In the story of Masoud’s conversation with Bunasr Moshkan about a secretary named Bulfath and revealing that Bulafat has been Masoud’s secret spy in the Divan’s Correspondence: “I used to say that his … (Qafq Daridan) and be expelled from the court so that the secretary of the traitor would not be employed” (ibid., p. 310).
‘Qafa Daridan’ in both dictionaries and descriptions of Tarikh-e Beyhaqi has come to mean disgrace and discredit. Also, some refer to it as the story of Yusuf and Zulaikha and the tearing of Yusuf’s clothes by Zulaikha. This does not seem to be the correct interpretation, as in the story above Yusuf’s tearing of the clothes is a sign of his sincerity, not his scandal. Moreover, the meaning cannot be true in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi for the following reasons:
1) Why should the king and the Minister discredit one group at their first official meeting? and why Beyhaqi who talked about all the details, didn't talk about their disgrace?
2) The Turkmens were wandering tribes whose job was to flee and gain or lose their land, and to expel them from Khorasan would not be considered a scandal.
3) Revealing spying on the King not only does not discredit him, but adds to his credibility.
Discussion of Results & Conclusions
It is supposed that the term is this text is distorted and the above word refers to ‘Qaba Daridan’ (tearing up Qaba= a long shirt for men) not ‘Qafa Daridan’. Qaba has been a court dress and government agent in general and no one went to the king without it. In Beihaqi's History, where the author intended to talk of appointing individuals to important occupations, there is also talk of wearing a special Khel’t (robe of honor) that was the main part of Qaba. Therefore, the dismissal of some agent from his position, likewise, required him to be unfrocked. In Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, in describing the dismissed or arrested individuals, we see them without Qaba. In all three pieces of evidence mentioned above, there is talk of ‘firing’ them. Accordingly, the meaning of “Qaba Daridan” has gradually become "firing".
