اثر جنگ تحميلي ايران و عراق بر مديريت و حكمراني منابع آب در استان كرمانشاه

The effect of the Iran-Iraq war on the water resources management and governance in Kermanshah province

جنگ يكي از پيچيده ترين پديده هاي اجتماعي است كه به دليل ماهيت، اهداف و ابعاد آن پيامدهاي اقتصادي- اجتماعي غير قابل پيش بيني در جوامع درگير آن برجاي مي گذارد. جنگ ذاتا نابود كننده توسعه پايدار است. در سال 1358 هجري شمسي جنگي ناخواسته در طول مرزهاي غربي و جنوب غربي ايران از جانب عراق بر ايران تحميل شد و در تمام اين مدت، محيط زيست طبيعي و انساني كشور مورد آماج تخريب و نابودي قرار گرفت. استراتژي هاي جنگي نظير ساختن پل روي رودخانه ها و نهرها، ايجاد موانع جنگي، احداث خاكريزها و سنگرهاي بزرگ سطحي و زيرزميني، همگي باعث برهم زدن اكوسيستم منطقه شده و نيز استفاده از ماشين آلات مهندسي و رزمي و جنگ افزارها باعث صدمات جبران ناپذير زيست محيطي شده است. درگير بودن مستقيم بخشي از استان كرمانشاه در جنگ باعث شد تا اولويت هاي صنعتي، پژوهشي و زيست محيطي به سمت اهداف جنگ معطوف شود و به بيان بهتر، آب و محيط زيست تحت تاثير شرايط اضطرار از اولويت خارج شد و تمركز بر حفظ تماميت ارضي و مرزها معطوف شد. لذا، حكم راني طبيعي از حالت عادي خارج شده و به اضطرار تبديل گرديده است. متعاقب آن، خسارات سنگين بر اكوسيستم هاي آبي و منابع آب در استان كرمانشاه وارد شد. در اين مطالعه سعي شده است با بررسي سوابق و پيشينه حكمرانان بالارتبه و ميان رتبه مرتبط با حكمراني منابع آب در ايران و استان كرمانشاه در بازه زماني هشت ساله جنگ و مقايسه آن با هشت سال پس از جنگ، به بررسي آثار جنگ تحميلي ايران و عراق بر حكمراني منابع آب در استان كرمانشاه پرداخته شود.

IntroductionWater resources are one of the key assets and infrastructure of any country that is vulnerable to war and terrorist attacks. Water infrastructure such as dams can be directly targeted by air strikes. Challenges of governing water resources and the environment during wartime include the destruction of vegetation, the contamination of water resources and infrastructure by munitions and military vehicles and the pollution and erosion of soil. This study attempts to examine the effects of the imposed war on the governance of water resources and the environment by examining the records and backgrounds of high and middle-ranking managers in Kermanshah province during the eight-year period of the imposed war and the eight-year period after the end of the war.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted based upon the data extracted from: (1) the archives of the Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, (2) the National Library, and (3) the media. To this end, a list of top and middle managers in organizations whose performance is related to water resources and the environment was first prepared. Then, their scientific and executive background relevancy to their position was evaluated.DiscussionOne of the general effects of wars is the destruction of water infrastructure by the enemy. Among these incidents in Kermanshah province, the following can be mentioned:- Destruction of Tangab Now water source in Qasr-e-Shirin city;- Destroying and damaging the water transmission lines of Qasr-e-Shirin;- Poisoning the water source of Melleh Dizgeh village in the city of Thalas-e-Babajani;- Chemical bombing of Zardeh village in Dalahou city, which polluted the village spring;- Releasing water and swamping the lands around the Gilan-e-Gharb to Qasr-e-Shirin road;- Existence of undiscovered mines in the agricultural and environmental fields of Qasr-e-Shirin and Gilan-e-Gharb cities, which has prevented the development of water infrastructure with appropriate progress.In Kermanshah province, most dams and water structures have been constructed and become operational after the end of the imposed war, which shows the high potential of water resources in Kermanshah province. Therefore, the occurrence of the imposed war has caused a long delay in the design and construction of water resources management tools.An examination of the records and background of the Ministry of Energy during the Iran-Iraq war shows that after the Islamic Revolution, in the structure of the executive branch, there was still a tendency and emphasis on using specialized and educated personnel related to the nature of the Ministry of Energy; However, the urgency of the war led to a particular sensitivity to the background of individuals; Thus, all the ministers after Hassan Abbaspour were revolutionary and militant forces whose commitment to the new government of Iran had been proven, despite the lack of connection between their expertise and the nature of the Ministry of Energy.By the end of 1988, there were only three groundwater observation boreholes in Kermanshah province. However, with the end of the war, the number of groundwater observation boreholes increased and reached to more than 300 by 2020. Also, the number of hydrometric stations in Kermanshah province until the end of the imposed war in 1988 was about 38 stations, while the number until 1997 was about 45 and by 2020 about 60 stations were operational. These statistics shows that in Kermanshah province, the occurrence of the imposed war has delayed the completion of the water resources monitoring network.ConclusionThis study showed that the occurrence of war, in addition to having immediate and direct damage, has indirect and long-term consequences. Among these effects, we can mention the disruption of the mechanism of management and governance of water resources and the environment. The Islamic Revolution in Iran led to the emergence of a golden period in which it was possible to rebuild and restore the governance system of water resources in Iran. However, the outbreak of the imposed war in Iran caused the country to re-enter the state of war emergency. Therefore, the occurrence of the imposed war in Iran caused the delay of managerial stability and in addition to the immediate consequences, the indirect destructive effects of the delay in the management and governance of proper water resources are undeniable.