كليدواژه :
ملاحظات حقوق بشري , محيط زيست درياها , ديوان بين‌المللي حقوق درياها , اقدامات موقت
چكيده فارسي :
دستور اقدامات موقت در محاكم بين‌المللي از بايسته‌هاي دادرسي عادلانه و ابزارهاي تحقق ملاحظات حقوق بشري به نفع متهم است. در رويۀ قضايي ديوان بين‌المللي حقوق درياها، از دستور اقدامات موقت براي رعايت ملاحظات حقوق بشري متهم و آزادي موقت وي تا زمان رسيدگي به اصل موضوع در مرجع ذي‌صلاح و صدور رأي نهايي و اجراي حكم استفاده مي‌شود. اما پروندۀ دولت صاحب پرچم ايتاليا عليه دولت ساحلي هند در ديوان بين‌المللي حقوق درياها حاكي از رعايت ملاحظات حقوق بشري به نفع قربانيان جرم است كه جان خود را در نتيجۀ عمل متهم ازدست داده‌اند. اين وضعيت به يك اعتبار مطلوب و با دستاوردهاي بزه‌ديده‌شناسي همخواني دارد، اما جايگاه و حقوق متهم را در دادرسي‌هاي كيفري آينده در سطح داخلي تضعيف مي‌كند؛ درحالي كه براي تأمين منافع قرباني جرم و جلوگيري از فرار متهم، سازوكار تأمين كيفري متناسب وجود دارد. تحليل انتقادي و ارائۀ دستاوردهاي تطبيقي اين رويكرد، موضوع اين نوشتار است كه با روش توصيفي- تحليلي صورت گرفته و داراي اصالت و نوآوري است. پرسش پژوهش اين است كه جايگاه ملاحظات حقوق بشري متهم در رويۀ قضايي ديوان بين‌المللي حقوق درياها در صدور اقدامات موقت چيست؟ يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه ملاحظات حقوق بشري به نفع بزه‌ديده در رويۀ قضايي ديوان بين‌المللي حقوق درياها، متأثر از بزه‌ديده واقع‌شدن محيط زيست درياها و منابع زندۀ آن در بيشتر پرونده‌ها و ارجحيت آن نسبت به متهم براي حفظ منافع جامعۀ بشري است. اما در اين پرونده هر دو، متهم و بزه‌ديده، انسان هستند و رعايت منافع يكي بر ديگري با فرمول پيش‌گفته اولويت ندارد. لذا به طريق اولي، رويۀ معمول ديوان بين‌المللي حقوق درياها در حفظ مصالح بزه‌ديده (محيط زيست درياها)، نبايد به ناديده گرفتن ملاحظات حقوق بشري متهم به نفع بزه‌ديده (انسان) در زمان صدور آزادي موقت وي منجر شود.
كليدواژه‌ها
چكيده لاتين :
Mandate of provisional measures in international courts is necessity of fair trial and of means to realize human rights considerations in favor of accused. Provisional measures in the ITLOS's Procedure, is used to observe the accused's human rights and his provisional release until competent authority dealt and the final verdict and execution of sentence. But the Italian flag state's case against India's coastal state at the ITLOS shows human rights considerations is in favor of victims who lost their lives as a result of the accused's action. This situation is favorable and achievements of victimology science, but undermines the defendant's standing and rights in future criminal proceedings at domestic level. While there is a proportionate criminal mechanism to serve the interests of the victim and to prevent the accused escaping. Critical analysis and comparative achievements of this approach is the subject of this paper which has been done by descriptive-analytic method and has originality and innovation. The research question is: What is the position of the defendant's human rights considerations in the ITLOS's judicial procedure in issuing provisional measures? Findings of this study show that human rights considerations in favor of the victim in the ITLOS's judicial procedure are influenced by damage to the marine environment and its living resources are affected in most cases and its preference over the defendant for the protection of the interests of the human community. But in this case, both the accused and the victim are human, and the interests of one another do not take precedence over other by the above formula. Therefore, the Court's usual practice of safeguarding the victim's material (marine environment), should not ignore the human rights considerations of the accused in favor of the victim (human) at the time of his provisional release.
But in this case, it is thought that the consideration of human rights requirements in favor of the defendant in the interim measures of the ITLOS also has a negative impact on the process of dealing with the dispute. Therefore, the Court has chosen a moderate approach to avoid this situation, namely the suspension of the coastal state's criminal investigation and prosecution, without mentioning the temporary release of the accused for the benefit of the victims' families. But human rights considerations in favor of crime victims' families continue to appear in the ITLOS's approach to the accused. However, the minimalist approach of some judges of the ITLOS has attracted the attention and necessity of realizing human rights considerations in the interim measures in favor of the accused. The reasoning of the ITLOS justices has ignored the human rights requirements of the accused, while observing the human rights requirements of procedure is prioritized when ordering interim measures. Therefore, the temporary release of Italian nationals, even though it has a negative impact on the principle of settlement of the dispute between the flag state and the coastal state, is more preferable. Disclaimer that the ITLOS does not deal solely with the mechanisms provided for in the Convention on the Law of the Sea in dealing with this case. This approach is influenced by the incorporation of human rights documents in addition to the provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, if necessary, even though the main dispute between the parties is limited to the interpretation of the provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea.
