پديد آورندگان :
ساريجلو، عليرضا دانشگاه بين المللي امام خميني(ره) - دانشكده علوم انساني - گروه تاريخ، قزوين، ايران , بهرام نژاد، محسن دانشگاه بين المللي امام خميني(ره) - دانشكده علوم انساني - گروه تاريخ، قزوين، ايران
كليدواژه :
قرااوناس , اپاردي , نگودريان , تيمور , شاهرخ , الوس جغتاي
چكيده فارسي :
قرااوناس از گروه‌هاي حاضر در عصر تيموريان بودند. اين گروه تلاش مي‌كردند با ايفاي نقش سياسي و نظامي در معادلات حكومت وقت و پيشبرد اهداف تيموريان، در تاريخ آن دوران نامي براي خود دست‌وپا كنند. قرااوناس‌ها به علت جنگاوري و شجاعتي كه داشتند، همانند برخي قبايل اصلي ترك و مغول، پيش از تيموريان در حيات سياسي الوس جغتاي نقش پررنگي بازي مي‌كردند. با اين حال، مسئله مهم اين بود كه باوجود اهميت ذاتي اين گروه در حكم نيروي جنگي بالقوه، در عصر تيموريان كمتر به آنها توجه مي‌شد.
در اين جستار تلاش شده است با استفاده از منابع اصلي و پژوهشي و با تكيه‌بر روش توصيفي‌تحليلي، با نگاهي دوباره به رويدادهاي مرتبط با اين گروه در دورﮤ تيموريان، نقش قرااوناس در معادلات سياسي الوس جغتاي تبيين شود؛ همچنين علت‌هاي برخورد ويژﮤ تيموريان با اين گروه بررسي شود. پرسش اصلي پژوهش اين است: چرا در عصر تيموري، گروه قرااوناس اعتبار سياسي و نظامي خود را به‌تدريج از دست داد؟ يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد در حيات سياسي الوس جغتاي، تيموريان براي قرااوناس نقش كم‌اهميتي در نظر گرفته بودند. علت واگذاري اين نقش‌هاي كم‌اهميت نيز از اين قرار بود: 1. تجرﺑﮥ تاريخي كه از دوران مغولان وجود داشت؛ 2. اين مهم كه قرااوناس از مخالفان بزرگ تيمور در تشكيل حكومت بودند؛ 3. كوتاهي‌هاي عمدي يا سهوي اين گروه در برخي مأموريت‌هايي كه به آنها واگذار مي‌شد.
چكيده لاتين :
One of the groups present in the Timurid era was the Qara'unas. Before the Timurids, they
played a major role in the political life of Chagatai Ulus, because of their courage and
bravery. But, the important thing was that despite the group's inherent importance as a force
in the military sphere and militarism, they were less appreciated in other areas. This study,
using the primary and research sources and relying on the descriptive-analytical method and
looking again at the events related to this group in the Timurid period, attempted to explain
the role of Qara'unas in the political and military equations of Chagatai Ulus and examine the
reason behind Timurid's special treatment towards this group. The main question of this
research is: why did the political and military prestige of Qara'unas gradually decrease in the
Timurid era? The findings showed that Timurids, taking into account the historical experience
of the Mongols, the opposition and conflict of Qara'unas at the beginning of the government
with the Timurids and the intentional or unintentional negligence of this group in some
missions assigned to them by the Timurids, had considered an insignificant role for Qara'unas
in the political life of Chagatai Ulus.
Introduction
By examining the historical sources of the Timurid period, in addition to getting
acquainted with the political system that governs Chaghatai Ulus, one can also understand the
role of the forces present in this ulus. The role played by the groups in Chaghatai Ulus is
unpredictable. The Qarau'nas group was one of the groups that made a name for themselves at
important historical moments in the region. Due to its proximity to other groups present in the
territory of the Chaghatai’s, this group became acquainted with the political system of this
land and used it. Chaghatai Ulus' political system has always been based on unstable alliances. With a more competitive rival than the current government claims, tribal leaders
easily violated the pact and turned to someone who felt more powerful. According to
historical sources, the Qarau'nas were warriors, brave and ruthless, whose characteristics
made government claimants constantly strive to unite with such forces. Alliance with such a
militant group was a haven for any claimant to the government. All of these factors also
contributed to the fact that Qarau'nas played an important and prominent role in the political
life of the Chaghatai and deserved independent research. The main subject of this research
was the analysis of the role of this tribe in the political developments of the Timurid period.
Material & Methods
This article was a library and citation study. There has been no independent and
comprehensive research done on the role of the Qara'unas tribe in the developments of this
period of Iran’s history. No research has been done specifically on the political and military
efforts of this tribe in the military and political conflicts of the period. The present study
aimed to analyze this role by examining the main sources and new research, especially the use
of various documents, including orders, deeds, and historical correspondence.
Discussion of Results & Conclusions
The Qara'unas, a tribe mixed with Hindus and Mongols, had their roots in the Tamma. At
that time, the Mongols played the role of border guards in the border areas and the garrisons.
Due to the courage and bravery of the Qara'unas, the Mongols used them in their campaigns
but never allowed themselves to be led. The main reason for not giving up on Qara'unas and
the Mongols' special treatment was to prevent the growth and development of a sense of
independence, desirability, and tribalism. Given his insight and historical experience, Timur
not only continued the Mongol rule over Qara'unas but because Qara'unas was one of the
most important groups opposed to Timur in the series of disputes over the rule of Chaghatai
Ulus, he had good reasons to be afraid of Qara'unas. In delegating his powers and positions,
Timur had made an important element such as loyalty the top priority of his government.
With this in mind, it can be said that if the Qara'unas had shown more loyalty to Timur. Timur
would have given them various positions, as well as giving the Apardis, who were considered
a group of rulers, appropriate government positions. However, with their deliberate and
inadvertent negligence, they caused a great deal of fear in the hearts of the Timurids to
delegate important positions. Considering the role played by Qara'unas, the most important
role that Qara'unas played during the Timurid period was the military role. Shahrukh and the
rulers of the last Timurid period, thanks to Timur, also pursued the same political strategy of
the past in dealing with Qara'unas, and they also used this group more in their campaigns.
