كليدواژه :
آدابورسوم ايراني , موريه , لوتي , همسانانگاري , تضاد
چكيده لاتين :
Imagology in comparative literature deals with the study of representations and the image of the others in a travelogue or a literary work. Alterity is one of the conceptions of this branch of history/ literature and in reality; it is an attempt to know the opinion of others about yourself with all the prejudices or derivations made by the writer. In this study, we will see through the writing of an English traveler, James Morier, and Pierre Loti, a French writer, the described image of the customs of the Iranians of the Qajar era. First of all, a general image, positive or negative, which gives in the foreground a vision of self-identification and admiration of the Western "self" focused on the culture of the Eastern (Iranian) "Other" and in a second plan, a negative look according to the current example in the orientalist context in the opposition between the self and the other or the East and the West, Stereotyping and generalization, amplification of conflicts and contradictions, humiliating and insulting
Introduction: One of the ways to study the current customs and culture of any society is to study its culture in the past and therefore travelogues are one of the best sources. This paper investigates the discussion and explanation of the image of the customs and culture of Iranians during the Qajar period, which was drawn in travelogues of two European travelers:
English traveler writer James Morier and French traveler writer Pierre Loti. I choose these two tourists with two different nationalities and social status and different purposes of the trip, to study their similar and different ideas and attitudes about Iran and their observation of the culture of the "other" which is different from their own culture. The travel writer, who has been in a foreign country for a long time, identifies himself with another and seeks similarities with his own culture and customs in other cultures and try to demonstrate them as well as emphasizing the difference that he has found. By studying the travelogue of the authors, we will find out their point of view about other cultures and elements that may consciously or unconsciously have affected their views.
Method: In this study, which is conducted in an interdisciplinary method, the principles of the pictorial method is attempted, also, the socio-historical axis is particularly emphasized. The concepts of this approach are: "stereotype", "format pattern", "prejudice" and "image". To clearly understand the images presented by Morier and Loti of Iranian culture and customs, their narration of this culture is categorized into two levels of positive and negative views. In some cases, Morier and Loti have taken a positive and admirable look at this issue in the form of empathy and admiration and examined some cases of negative and degrading views in the form of stereotyping and generalization, magnification of confrontation, and contradictions, and humiliation.
Conclusion: The illustration of the culture of foreign countries can be divided into two general categories: images that are the result of direct communication, and images that are formed based on other presentations. It must be considered that every image of a nation, its customs, and culture has gone through three stages; stereotyping, formed patterns, and prejudice. Thus, the image illustrated by travel writers about a nation is not pure reality; it is highly influenced by what already exists in the minds of travel writers. It is often accompanied by the premise that there are standards of rationality and truth only in our land and in our culture. In many cases both writers,
Morier and Loti, have contrasted the East with the West, mentioned some contrasts between the two nations with a superior humiliating look, As they are from the West which is considered in their mind as a new civilized part of the world,. This idea Is so deep that even after several travels to the East and observing the culture by themselves self they still, Consciously or unconsciously, write according to this belief.
In the travelogue of Morier we also can find the similarity in some cases between the Iranian and European costumesTherefore, it can be concluded that in his point of view, Iranian customs and traditions are similar to the ancient West, and Loti, like Moriah, admire some time Iranian culture but in most cases, he seeks to generalize negative images to Iranian and generally Asian. Such generalizations about the customs of Iranians and Iran as an Islamic country are the features of these two travelogues.
