بلاغت وجهيت در شعر مدحي دربار غزنوي

Rhetorics of Modality in the Panegyrical Poetry of the Ghaznavid Court

ادﺑﯿﺎت از زﺑﺎن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ادﺑﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮﯾّﻪ ﻫﺎي زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺳﻮد ﺟﺴﺖ. از ﻣﯿﺎن اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻧﻘﺸﮕﺮاﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﺑﻼﻏﺖ آﺛﺎر ادﺑﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ زﯾﺮا ﻧﻘﺸﮕﺮاﯾﺎن در ﮐﻨﺎر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ واره ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻔﺮد و ﮐﻠﯿﺖ ﻣﺘﻦ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﺘﻦ )اﻗﺘﻀﺎي ﺣﺎل و ﻣﻘﺎم( ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ وﯾﮋه اي ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ و اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ زﯾﺮﺑﻨﺎي ﺑﻼﻏﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻧﻘﺸﮕﺮاﯾﺎن، ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎرۀ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ و ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن دارد ﮐﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﻓﺮاﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ. ﯾﮑﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮاﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري راﺑﻄﮥ دوﺳﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪه و ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮاﻧﻘﺶ اﺟﺰاي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ دارد و ﯾﮑﯽ از آﻧﻬﺎ وﺟﻬﯿﺖ اﺳﺖ. وﺟﻬﯿﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي اﺳﺖ از ﻗﻀﺎوت ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﺪ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﺪم ﻗﻄﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ واره ﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ از ﺳﻨّﺖ ادب ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ﻣﺪﯾﺤﻪ ﺳﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﺪﯾﺤﻪ ﺳﺮاﯾﺎن، درﺑﺎر ﻏﺰﻧﻮي ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در ﺷﻌﺮ ﻣﺪﺣﯽ، اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ اﻗﺘﻀﺎي ﺣﺎل و ﻣﻘﺎم، ﺷﺨﺺ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ، ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻤﺪوح و ﻣﻘﺎم او ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮐﻮﺷﯿﺪه اﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد وﺟﻬﯿﺖ در اﺷﻌﺎر ﻣﺪﺣﯽ درﺑﺎر ﻏﺰﻧﻮي ﺑﺴﻨﺠﯿﻢ و ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎي ﻣﻤﮑﻦ، ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺷﻌﺎر ﺑﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪه، ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪي دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﯿﻢ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ داده ﻫﺎﯾﯽ را ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻧﻤﯽ ﮔﻨﺠﻨﺪ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽِ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮاﯾﺶ ﻣﺘﻦ، ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻣﻤﺪوح در ﻃﻮل زﻣﺎن )از ﺷﺎﻫﺰادﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ( در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد وﺟﻬﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد، ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﻓﯿﻊ رﺗﺒﮥ ﻣﻤﺪوح ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺷﺎﻋﺮ در ﺳﺘﺎﯾﺶ او از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ وﺟﻬﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﺪ. در ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻤﺪوح ﯾﺎ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد وﺟﻬﯿﺖ را ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري ﻧﻤﯽ دﻫﺪ. ذﮐﺮ ﻗﯿﺪ »ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً« ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﺎن ﮐﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ، ﭘﺪﯾﺪاريِ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺎص ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ وﯾﮋه اي را ﺣﮑﻢ ﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻣﻨﺎزﻋﺎت و ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﮐﺴﺐ و ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﻗﺪرت( ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎً در ﻣﯿﺰان ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد وﺟﻬﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮاﺗﯽ ﺷﻮد.

Literature is constructed by language. Therefore, we can use linguistic theories in literary studies. Among these theories, functionalism is more appropriate for rhetorical studies because, in addition to particular clauses and the text as a whole, functionalists pay special attention to the context in which the text was written — and this is the fundamental of rhetoric. To functionalists, every clause has three basic roles called metafunctions. One of these metafunctions is establishing an interaction between the utterer and the addressee. This metafunction has various components including modality. Modality refers to a collection of the speaker’s judgments regarding what they say and the uncertainty which they apply to the clauses. A significant part of Persian literature is panegyric poetry. The Ghaznavid Court was one of the most important supporters of the panegyrists. The main components of the context, in panegyric poetry, are the poet, the person who is being praised, and the position which the praised person holds. This study aims at analyzing the influence of these components on the usage of modality in Ghaznavid panegyric poetry in order to find out any possible patterns and rules in the extant poems of this period. Furthermore, the poems which do not follow the aforesaid rules are analyzed according to their historical context. The article argues that the promotion of the praised person, from “prince” to “king” (sultan), cause changes in the poet’s rhetorical and poetical approach in using modality. In more accurate words, as a result of the promotion of the praised person the poet uses less modal elements in his panegyrics. In addition, although changes in the position of the poet or the praised person mostly do not lead to significant alterations in the quantity of the modal components, such alterations do occur in some circumstances such as rivalries for achieving political dominance.