تحليل ساختار و لحن دو غزل از سعدي

Analyzing The Structure and The Tune in Two of Saadi’s Poems

ﮑﯽ از اﻧﻮاع ادب ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ادب ﻏﻨﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ واﺟﺪ وﺳﯿﻊ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﻓﻖ، در ﺑﯿﺎن ﻋﻮاﻃﻒ و درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻃﻔﯽ و ﺣﺴﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺤﻦ رﻧﮓ آﻣﯿﺰي ﻋﺎﻃﻔﯽ ﮐﻼم اﺳﺖ و در ﻏﺰل ﻫﺎي ﺳﻌﺪي، ﻟﺤﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﮔﺮه ﺧﻮرده اﻧﺪ. ﻫﻢ ﺟﻮاري اﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﺎن، در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﭘﯿﺎم ﻋﺎﻃﻔﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪه ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﺰاﯾﯽ دارد. ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﻌﺮي ﭼﻮن ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﻌﺮ، وزن، ﻫﺠﺎﻫﺎ، ﻣﻌﻨﯽ واژه ﻫﺎ، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺻﻮر ﺧﯿﺎل از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺷﮑﻞ دﻫﻨﺪۀ ﻟﺤﻦ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در ﻫﺮ اﺛﺮي ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻦ وﺟﻮد دارد و درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻟﺤﻦ ﯾﮏ اﺛﺮ از ﭼﻨﺎن اﻫﻤﯿﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ درك ﭘﯿﺎم ﻣﺘﻦ در ﮔﺮو درﯾﺎﻓﺖ آن اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻟﺤﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮزۀ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﺳﺖ زﯾﺮا ﺑﺤﺚ از اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻟﺤﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﺎي ﺣﺎل ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ اﺳﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﺣﻮزه ﺑﺎزﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. ﻫﺮ ﮐﻼﻣﯽ، ﯾﮏ واﺣﺪ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل دﻫﻨﺪۀ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﯽ، از ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي آﻧﮑﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ وﺟﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﯿﺮد، ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻼم ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ارادۀ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪه و اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﻮد. ﺳﻌﺪي دﺷﻮارﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎده ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎن ﺧﻮد )ﻣﺮدم( ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. آوردن ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ دﺷﻮار در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻔﺎظ ﺳﺎده ﻫﻨﺮ ﺳﻌﺪي اﺳﺖ و درﯾﺎﻓﺖ آن ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ دﺷﻮار در ﮔﺮو ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻟﺤﻦ ﺳﻌﺪي اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎدوي وي ﭘﯽ ﺑﺒﺮﯾﻢ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻟﺤﻦِ ﻏﺰﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﻌﺪي ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮔﺰﯾﻨﺶ واژﮔﺎن، ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، دﻗﺖ در ﺷﯿﻮۀ ﭼﯿﻨﺶ آن ﻫﺎ، ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮي از ﺗﮑﺮارﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ ﮐﻼم ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺴﺎﻋﯽ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﺤﻦ ﺳﺎز از ﻣﺘﻦ، ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﻦ ﺳﻌﺪي در دو ﻏﺰل وي، دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ و در ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻋﺮﺻﮥ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻮل و ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪۀ ﻟﺤﻦ در ﺳﻌﺪي ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ؛ و ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﺎم ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﯽ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﻮد و ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪه را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺳﻮق دﻫﺪ.

One of the forms of Persian literature is lyrics, which affords the widest horizon in expressing emotion and receiving emotional and sensory experiences. Tone is the color the speaker adds into the words, and in Saadi’s lyrics there exist many different tones, which are intertwined. These tones play a crucial role in expressing his artistic and emotional message to the reader. Elements such as poetic form, rhythm, syllables, the meaning of words, sentence structures, and descriptive and poetic imagery are some of the items that form tone. Any literary work contains one or more tones and understanding them is so crucial that perceiving the expressed meaning depends on this understanding. The discussion of tone is related to the field of semantics, because the debate as to whether or not the tone is chosen in accordance with the audience’s mood goes back to that field. Each word is a unit of language that conveys a message from the speaker to the audience. To convey in the best possible way, the will of the speaker and the expectations of the audience should be considered. In order to speak in accordance with his audience’s mood, Saadi expresses the most difficult meanings in the simplest way. Bringing difficult meanings in the form of simple words is Saadi’s art, and understanding these difficult meanings depends on perceiving Saadi’s tone. The present article is an attempt to understand Saadi’s lyrics through his word choice, imagery, repetitions, and coordinating rhythm. The purpose of this study is to understand Saadi’s tone in two of his poems by extracting those tone-making elements from the text. Understanding the tone-making elements in the poetry of Saadi is possible by expanding the area of research in this field, while by ignoring some of the factors his message fails to be received properly.