احياء مذهب شيعه وجايگاه آن درنظام هاي حكومتي افغانستان

Revival of the Shiite Religion and its Place in the Government Systems of Afghanistan

مسئله­ ي هويت ­يابي مذهب شيعه همواره ازدغدغه هاي فكري، سياسي واجتماعي شيعيان افغانستان درتاريخ معاصر بوده است. اين نوشتار براساسي مطالعات كتابخانه­ ي و پژوهش­ هاي ميداني وبا روش توصيفي ـ تحليلي، مهمترين عواملِ احياء مذهب شيعه در افغانستان و چگونگي تحقق آن را بررسي مي­نمايد. جايگاه مذهب شيعه در نظام هاي حكومتي از دوران عبدالرحمن خان تا زمان حامد كرزي چه گونه بوده است؟ عوامل تأثيرگزار در فرايند رسمي شدن آن ازمرحله بحران هويت تا تثبيت آن در قانون اساسي كدام است؟ پيامدهاي سياسي واجتماعي آن چيست؟ در پاسخ بايدگفت نقش­ عالمان ديني شيعه ازجمله اقدامات علمي وفرهنگي آيت ­الله سيدميرعلي احمدحجت، نهضت فكري وحركت انقلابي علامه شهيد سيداسماعيل بلخي و نقش مؤثر علمي ـ فرهنگي آيت الله محمدآصف محسني، توأمان با تقويت گفتمان تقريب مذاهب و مسئله اخوت اسلامي از عوامل تأثير گزار در تثبيت مذهب شيعه در قانون اساسي كشور قلمداد گرديده و تعاملات سياسي ـ اجتماعي بين شيعه وسني ازپيامدهاي مثبت آن به شمار مي­رود. تبيين و چگونگي تثبيت جايگاه مذهب شيعه درنظام­هاي حكومتي پيشين با معيار قرار دادن قانون اساسي دولت حامد كرزي درافغانستان مي­باشد. اين پژوهش نشان مي­ دهد عالمان ديني شيعه درافغانستان بارويكرد گفتمان تقريب مذاهب واخوت اسلامي و تعاملات اجتماعي با عالمان ديني اهل­ سنت و رجال سياسي، توانستند فقه جعفري و حقوق سياسي ـ اجتماعي شيعيان را در قانون اساسي كشور تثبيت نمايند و به تبع آن قانون احوال شخصيه اهل تشيع را رسميت بخشند.

The issue of identification the Shiite religion has always been one of the intellectual, political and social concerns of the Shiites of Afghanistan in current history. Based on library studies and fieldwork research and descriptive-analytical method, this article examines the most important factors in reviving the Shiite religion in Afghanistan and how it is realized. How has been the position of the Shiite religion in government systems from the time of Abdul Rahman Khan to Hamid Karzai period? What are the influential factors in the process of its formalization, from the stage of identity crisis to its consolidation in the constitution? What are its political and social consequences? In response, it should be mentioned that the role of Shiite religious scholars, including the scientific and cultural actions of Ayatollah Seyyed Mir Ali Ahmad Hojjat, the intellectual movement and revolutionary movement of Allama Shahid Seyyed Ismail Balkhi and the effective scientific-cultural role of Ayatollah Mohammad Asif Mohseni, are among the effective factors in consolidation of Shia in constitution of the country. They also strengthened the issue of approximation of religions debate and brotherhood in Islam, leading to socio-political interactions between Shiites and Sunnis. Explaining the position of Shiites in the previous government systems is based on the constitutional criteria of the government of Hamid Karzai. This study shows that Shiite scholars in Afghanistan through the approximation of religions debate and Islamic brotherhood and social interactions with Sunni scholars and political men, were able to establish Jafari jurisprudence and Shiite socio-political rights in the constitution and consequently, formalize the law “ Ahwal Shakhsia of Shiite”.