زيست كارتن‌خوابي؛ از تلاش ناگزير براي بقا تا بازسازمان يابي اجتماعي

Homelessness:from the inevitable struggle for survival to the Social Reorganisation

هدف اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﭘﺪﯾﺪارﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﮥ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﮥ زﯾﺴﺖ ﮐﺎرﺗﻦ ﺧﻮاﺑﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎ، ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰﻫﺎ و ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻈﺎم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﭘﺎﺗﻮق ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرﺗﻦ ﺧﻮاﺑﯽ از اﻟﮕﻮي رﺷﺪ ﺷﻬﺮي، ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺪرت ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ آن و ﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﻤﮕﻨﺎن ﻃﺮدﺷﺪه از ﻣﺘﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ در ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﭘﺎﺗﻮق ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ روش ﮐﯿﻔﯽ و ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻀﻤﻮن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﯿﻖ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﯽ ودو ﮐﺎرﺗﻦ ﺧﻮاب در ﺷﺶ ﭘﺎﺗﻮق ﮐﺎرﺗﻦ ﺧﻮاﺑﯽ )ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ( ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و داده ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ﻣﮑﺲ ﮐﯿﻮدي اِي ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﭘﺎﺗﻮق ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرﺗﻦ ﺧﻮاﺑﯽ ﻗﻠﻤﺮوﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺖ ﻣﺤﻮر، ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار از ﻧﻈﺎم ﻋﺮﻓﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺎ درﺟﺎﺗﯽ از روﺣﯿﮥ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ از اﺣﺴﺎس ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻋﻮاﻃﻒ ﻓﺮدي، ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ، ﺗﺴﮑﯿﻦ آﻻم و درﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻫﻮﯾﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ را ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه دارد. ﻧﻈﺎم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﭘﺎﺗﻮق »ﭘﯿﺸﮑﺴﻮت ﺳﺎﻻر« و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ زﯾﺎدي ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ اﻣﮑﺎن اﻋﻤﺎل ﻗﺪرت ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺪر در آن اﺳﺖ. ﺣﺪود ﻗﺎﺑﻞِ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ از آزادي ﻋﻤﻞ در ﺣﻮزه ﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدي ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي رﺳﻤﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان آن ﻫﺎ را ﺻﻮرت ﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﻧﺎﺑﻬﻨﺠﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب آورد، در ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻠﯽ از ﻫﺮآﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﺪاوم ﺣﯿﺎت را ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎرﺗﻦ ﺧﻮاب ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزد، ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺟﺎذﺑﮥ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ را ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻗﻠﻤﺮوﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه دارد. درﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان از ﻣﻨﻈﺮي درون ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﻪ، ﭘﺎﺗﻮق را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻏﯿﺮرﺳﻤﯽ و ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار از ﭘﻮﯾﺎﯾﯽ و ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺗﺠﻤﻌﯽ از اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻨﺤﺮف و ﻧﺎﺑﻬﻨﺠﺎر، ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب آورد.

The purpose of this paper is to study the Lived experience of homelessness based on its characteristics, distinctions and conditions. The social system and organization of homeless hangouts are influenced by the pattern of urban growth, the system of power that governs it, and the interactions of outcasts in the hangout. This research has been done by qualitative method based on thematic analysis technique. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews with 32 homeless people were conducted in six homeless hangouts (based on targeted sampling) and the data were analyzed using Maxqda software. The results show that homeless hangouts, as a livelihood territory, have a customary system of division of labor with degrees of compulsive collectivism that combine a sense of need for social cohesion, personal emotion, support, relief and identity in the community. The considerable degree of freedom of action in the field of individual action, which by formal criteria can be regarded as a form of anomaly, together with the minimal provision of anything that makes life possible for the homeless, provides a dual attraction for that territory. Finally, from an introspective perspective, the hangout can be seen as an informal, dynamic local community, not merely a conglomeration of perverse and abnormal individuals.