تكنيك دلفي فازي در تأييد الگوي ارزيابي داستان‌هاي حاوي دوراهي اخلاقي براساس سنجه‌هاي عاطفي

A Delphi Technique in Confirming the Evaluation Model of the Stories Containing Moral Dilemmas based on Emotional Scales

ﻫﻤﺴـﻮ ﺑـﺎ ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾـﺪ در ﺣﻮزهﻫــﺎي ﺑﯿﻨﺎرﺷـﺘﻪاي ﻓﻠﺴـﻔﻪ و رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳـﯽِ ﻋﻮاﻃــﻒ و ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺖ، ﺑــﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﺳــﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎي ﻋــﺎﻃﻔﯽ در ارزﯾــﺎﺑﯽ واﮐــﻨﺶ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨــﺪﮔﺎن ﺑــﻪ ﻣﺘــﻮنِ ﺣـﺎويِ دوراﻫـﯽ اﺧﻠــﺎﻗﯽ ﻣـﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟّــﻪ و ﻋﻠﺎﻗـﻪ ﻣﺤﻘّﻘــﺎن ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﺳــﺖ. اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺑــﺎ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﮑﻨﯿــﮏ »دﻟﻔﯽﻓــﺎزي« و ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺧﺒﺮﮔــﺎن ﺑــﻪ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨــﯽ واﮐــﻨﺶ ﻋــﺎﻃﻔﯽ ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ دو ﮔــﺮوه از ﺧﻮاﻧﻨــﺪﮔﺎنِ »وﻇﯿﻔــﻪﮔــﺮا« و »ﺳــﻮدﮔﺮا« در ﻣﺘــﻮن ﺣــﺎوي دوراﻫــﯽ اﺧﻠــﺎﻗﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧــﺖ. ﺑــﺮاي اﯾــﻦ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮر، از ﯾﮑــﯽ از روشﻫــﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﯿــﻖ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒــﯽ ﯾﻌﻨـﯽ ﺗﮑﻨﯿــﮏ دﻟﻔــﯽ ﺳـﻪﻓــﺎزي، ﺑــﺮاي ﺟﻤـﻊآوري دادهﻫــﺎ ﯾــﺎ ﻧﻈـﺮات ﺧﺒﺮﮔــﺎن اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﯾـﻦ ﮔـﺮوه ﻣﺘﺸـﮑﻞ از ﻧُـﻪ ﻧﻔـﺮ از ﻣﺪرّﺳـﺎن زﺑـﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴـﯽ داﻧﺸـﮕﺎه و ﻣﺸـﺎوران رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺴـﻠﻂ ﺑـﻪ زﺑـﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴـﯽ ﺑﻮدﻧـﺪ. اﺑﺘـﺪا، ﺷـﺶ ﺳـﺆال اوّﻟﯿـﮥ راﻫﺒـﺮدي ﺑـﺮاي اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ در اﺧﺘﯿـﺎر ﺧﺒﺮﮔـﺎن ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ. ﭘـﺲ از ﮐُﺪﮔـﺬاري و ﺗﺒـﺪﯾﻞ دادهﻫـﺎي ﮐﯿﻔـﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤّﯽ و ﺗﻬﯿﮥ ﻧﻘﺸـﮥ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻣﯽ، اﺑﺘـﺪا درﺻـﺪ ﺗﻮاﻓـﻖ دوﺑـﻪدوي ﻣﯿـﺎن ارزﯾﺎﺑـﺎن ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ و ﺳــﭙﺲ از ﻓﺮﻣﻮلﻫــﺎي »آﻟﻔــﺎي ﮐﺮﯾﭙﻨــﺪرف« و »ﮐﺎﭘــﺎي ﻓﻠــﯿﺲ« ﺑــﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿــﯿﻦ ﭘﺎﯾــﺎﯾﯽ 72 ﺟﻔــﺖ ﺗﺼــﻤﯿﻢ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﯾــﺪ. ﻣﻘــﺎدﯾﺮ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﻗﺒــﻮل 0,72 ،0,76 و 0,71 ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿــﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮﻣﻮلﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﺎنﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪ. ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﻧﺘـﺎﯾﺞ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ از ﺗﮑﻨﯿـﮏ دﻟﻔـﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﺸــﻨﺎﻣﻪاي ﻧُــﻪﮔــﺰارهاي ﺑــﺎ ﻣــﺎﻫﯿّﺘﯽ روشﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻧﻪ و ﺑــﺎ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻃﯿــﻒ ﻟﯿﮑــﺮت ﻫﻔﺖﮔﺎﻧــﻪ ﺗــﺪوﯾﻦ و ﻣﺠــﺪداً ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺄﯾﯿــﺪ ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺧﺒﺮﮔــﺎن ﮔــﺬارده ﺷــﺪ. ﭘــﺲ از رﺗﺒــﻪدﻫــﯽ ﮔﺰارهﻫــﺎي ﭘﺮﺳﺸــﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺧﺒﺮﮔــﺎن، از ﺿــﺮﯾﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴــﺘﮕﯽ درون ﻃﺒﻘــﻪاي ﺑــﺎ ﻣــﺪل دوراﻫﻪ-اﺛﺮ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﺪ. ﻣﻘـﺪار ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻮﺟّـﻪ 0/872 از اين محاسبه به دست آمد كه مؤيد همسويي خبرگان در مورد گزاره‌هاي سنجه‌ها عاطفه‌بنيان در ارزيابي متون حاوي دوراهي‌هاي اخلاقي بود. لازم به يادآوري است كه جمع‌آوري آراي خبرگان و ارزيابي پايايي آراء در سه راند‌ متوالي در حدود چهار ماه به طول انجاميد.

In line with new findings in the interdisciplinary fields of philosophy and psychology of emotions and cognition, the use of emotional scales in assessing readers’ reactions to the texts containing moral dilemmas has attracted the attention of researchers. Likewise, this study, using the Delphi technique and the opinions of experts tried to predict the emotional-cognitive reactions of two groups of deontic and consequentialist readers to the texts containing moral dilemmas. For this purpose, a mixed-methods research was chosen and a three-phase Delphi technique was used for collecting the data, i.e., experts’ opinions. The expert group consisted of nine university English teachers and psychologists fluent in English. First, the experts were provided with six strategic questions to be able to comment. After coding and converting the qualitative data into quantitative data and preparing a concept map, first, the percentage of the pairwise agreement between the raters was calculated, and then, the formulas of Krippendorff’s alpha and Fleiss Kappa were used to determine the reliability of the 72 pairs of decisions. Accordingly, the acceptable values ​​of 0.76, 0.72, and 0.71 were obtained for the mentioned formulas. Based on the results of the two stages of the Delphi technique, a 9-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed and re-assessed by the experts. After rating the questionnaire items by the experts, the intra-class correlation coefficient with the two-way random effect model was used. A significant value of 0.872 was obtained from this calculation, which confirmed the congruence of experts’ opinions about the probable behaviors of the two groups of readers in reaction to the texts containing ethical dilemmas. This should be noted that the collection of experts’ opinions and the evaluation of the reliability of the opinions, in three consecutive rounds, took about four months.