ماهيت حقوقي طلاق معوض و تحليل آثار فرهنگي و اجتماعي آن در حقوق ايران

The Legal Nature of Divorce for a Consideration and Its Cultural and Social Effects under Iranian Law

اهميت تشكيل خانواده و بقاي آن در دين اسلام به حدي است كه گسستن اين پيمان، حتي در شرايطي كه با درخواست طرفين هم باشد، نزد پيامبر اسلام(ص) مغبوض‌ترين اعمال است. درعين‌حال، از آنجا كه اصل در اسلام دوام و بقاي نكاح است؛ فرصتي براي بازگشت به خانواده با سازوكاري آسان با عنوان عدة طلاق رجعي بنا نهاده كه طرفين به‌راحتي اين نهاد مقدس را از نو به پا دارند. با وجود اين، انواعي از طلاق وجود دارد كه با عنوان طلاق بائن پيمان زناشويي پايان مي‌يابد و فقط با عقد جديد ازدواج ممكن مي‌شود. در طلاق خلع با كراهت زن و طلاق مبارات با كراهت از طرفين و در هر دو صورت با پرداخت مالي از طرف زن به شوهر، طلاقي بائن، يعني غيرقابل رجوع واقع، مي‌شود. طلاق به عوض نيز حتي در صورت عدم كراهت از طرف زوجه يا زوجين و با پرداخت مالي از طرف زن به شوهر يا ابراء ذمة شوهر به نفقة گذشته يا مهريه يا ساير دِين‌هاي احتمالي منظور است. بررسي و تحليل ماهيت حقوقي و آثار اجتماعي و فرهنگي اين نوع طلاق سؤال اين تحقيق است. در حقيقت، تسهيل در جدايي زوجين با پرداخت عوض و درعين‌حال تراضي طرفين به گسستن پيمان زناشويي، بدون وجود كراهتي از سوي طرفين، تأثيراتي در حوزة ازدياد طلاق ايجاد مي‌كند و به همين دليل ضرورت توجه به آثار فرهنگي و اجتماعي آن را اجتناب‌ناپذير مي‌كند.

Establishing a family and its continuity is so important in Islam that divorce and dissolution of marriage even by mutual consent of the spouses is the most detestable act in view of the Prophet. As the continuity of the marriage is a basic principle in Islam, Islamic law has provided an opportunity for the husband to come back to the family and revive this sacred institution by offering the simple mechanism of the waiting period (ʻiddah) in the revocable divorce. Nevertheless, there are certain kinds of divorce, known as irrevocable divorce (ba’in), by which the marital relation is dissolved and the revival of the marriage is possible only by making a new marriage contract. In khola divorce (initiated by the wife, based on her dislike of her husband) and in mubarat divorce (initiated by the wife, based on mutual dislike or aversion of the spouses) the wife obtains divorce by paying a fixed sum (or transferring a property) to her husband and the divorce becomes irrevocable (bauen). In divorce for a consideration there is no dislike from both spouses but the wife by paying an agreed sum (or transferring a property) to her husband or by releasing her husband from his duty to pay her past maintenance or from his duty to pay her dower or from his duty to pay other debts owed his wife, can become divorced. This article examines the legal nature as well as the cultural and social effects of this kind of divorce. Facilitating the separation between the spouses through paying a sum to the husband by the wife without the existence of any dislike between them would increase the number of divorces. For this reason, paying attention to the cultural and social effects of this divorce becomes necessary.