آزادي و آزادگي در مثنوي‌هاي عطار

Release and deliverance in Attar's couplet poems

آزادي ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﯿﺮي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن دارد؛ آنﭼﻪ در ﻣﺘﻮن ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺗﺮك ﺗﻤﺘﻌﺎت دﻧﯿﻮي و رﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﻗﯿﺪ و ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ روﺣﺎﻧﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن آﺳﯿﺐ وارد ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و او را از ﺳﯿﺮ در ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺟﺎن ﺑﺎزﻣﯽدارد. در ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺮﻓﺎ ﻋﻄﺎر ﺑﯿﺶ از ﻫﻤﮕﺎن ﻧﺪاي آزادﮔﯽ را ﺳﺮ داده اﺳﺖ و از آن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﯿﺮهي زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﻮد ﯾﺎد ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. در ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻋﻄﺎر، آزادي ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ داراي اﺑﻌﺎد ﻓﺮدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از ﻏﻢ و ﺷﺎدي اﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺣﺎﺻﻞ اﯾﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺳﺎﻣﺎن ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ رﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﻫﻤﻪي ﻟﺬتﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﯽ و دﻧﯿﻮي ﻣﻔﻬﻮم آزادي را ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻄﺎر، اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر وﺟﻮدي و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﺧﻮد ذاﺗﺎ در ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺴﻢ، دﻧﯿﺎ و ﻧﻔﺲ اﺳﯿﺮ اﺳﺖ. وي ﺑﺮاي رﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﻏﯿﺒﯽ و ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. دﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺮهﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﻮي، ﺑﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﯽﮐﺮاﻧﻪي دل از ﻣﺴﺎﯾﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻄﺎر در راه ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﮐﺮدن ﻗﯿﻮد آزادي از آن ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﺪ و ﻣﺮگ و ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﻋﻤﺮ، روزي ﻣﻘﺴﻮم و ﺑﯽوﻓﺎﯾﯽ دﻧﯿﺎ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ آنﻫﺎ، دلﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن را ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺟﺴﻢ و دﻧﯿﺎ ﻣﯽزداﯾﺪ و او را از اﺳﺎرت ﻣﯽرﻫﺎﻧﺪ.

Release is a concept that has different meanings; what is received in mystical texts from this category is equivalent to abandoning worldly pleasures and freedom from the shackles that damage the spiritual dimension of man and prevent him from traveling in the world of the soul. Among the mystics, Attar has called for release more than anyone else and has mentioned it as his way of life. In Attar's moral teachings, release is concept that has individual and social dimensions and goes beyond the sorrows and joys of this world. What has been achieved in this descriptive-analytical study is that release from all carnal and worldly pleasures realizes the concept of release. According to Attar, human beings are inherently captive to body, world and ego due to their existential structure and situation. He uses motivating and deterrent factors to release human beings from these obstacles. Achieving spiritual benefits, to worship God, and paying attention to the infinite world of the heart are some of the issues that Attar talks about in breaking the barriers of release. an‎d death and shortness of life, specific livelihood and unfaithfulness of the world is one of the subject matter that, their preventing, remove man's attachment to the body and the world and free him from captivity.