بازتاب مسائل سياسي در سفرنامه هاي ايراني در دورة صفويه و قاجار

Reflection of political issues in Iranian travelogues in the Safavid and Qajar periods

سفرنامه ﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ در ﻋﺮﺻﮥ ادب ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﮥ ﮐﻬﻨﯽ دارد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ دو ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻮم و ﻣﻨﺜﻮر اﺳﺖ. در ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح آﻧﭽﻪ در ﺳﻔﺮ دﯾﺪه، ﺷﻨﯿﺪه و روي داده، ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازد. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ »ﺳﻔﯿﻨﮥ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن، ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻣﯿﺮزا ﻓﺘﺎحﺧﺎن و ﺣﺎج ﺳﯿﺎح« ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﻪ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ- ﺳﯿﺎﺣﺘﯽ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﻫﺪف، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﺷﺪه در ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ دوران ﺻﻔﻮﯾﻪ و ﻗﺎﺟﺎر اﺳﺖ؛ از اﯾﻦرو اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﭘﯽ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ در ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي دو دورة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ دو ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﺳﻔﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣﯿﺮزا ﻓﺘﺎح ﺧﺎن، ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﻔﺎرﺷﯽ- ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ وﻗﺖ را در اوج اﻗﺘﺪار و ﺷﮑﻮه ﻧﺸﺎن داده در ﺣﺎﻟﯿﮑﻪ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﺣﺎج ﺳﯿﺎح ﮐﻪ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪاي ﺳﯿﺎﺣﺘﯽ- ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ، ﺷﺎﻫﺎن ﻗﺎﺟﺎر را ﺑﯽﮐﻔﺎﯾﺖ، ﻧﺎﻻﯾﻖ، ﺳﺘﻤﮕﺮ و ﺗﺠﻤﻠﮕﺮا ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ. در دو ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺑﯿﻊ و ﻓﺘﺎح ﺧﺎن رواﺑﻂ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ، در ﺳﺎﯾﮥ رواﺑﻂ دوﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﻨﺒﮥ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ؛ اﻣﺎ ﺣﺎج ﺳﯿﺎح ﺗﻤﺎم ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻗﺪرﺗﻤﻨﺪ را راﻫﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر ﻣﺮدم اﯾﺮان داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﯽ ﭼﻮن ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، ﺗﺮورﻫﺎ، ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، ﺷﯿﻮهﻫﺎي ادارة ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ و ... ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ در ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Travel writing in the field of Persian literature has an ancient history that is both poetic and prose. In the travelogue, the author describes what he saw, heard and happened on the trip. In this study, three travelogues "Safina Solomon, Mirza Fattah Khan and Haj Sayyah's travelogue" have been selected as three Iranian political-tourism travelogues. Therefore, this research seeks to find out what political issues are reflected in the travelogues of two different historical periods. This article is done in a descriptive-analytical way and the results show that the two travelogues of Safina Soleimani and Mirza Fattah Khan are custom-political travelogues that showed the government of the time at the height of its authority and glory, while the travelogue of Haj Sayyah is a travelogue. It is tourist-political, depicting the Qajar kings as incompetent, incompetent, oppressive and luxurious. During the two trips of Mohammad Rabi and Fattah Khan, Iran's political relations with other countries were in the shadow of friendly relations, which were not colonial in any way, but Haj Sayyah considered all Iranian political interactions with powerful countries as a way to colonize the Iranian people. In the meantime, issues such as political agreements, assassinations, political asylum, government administration practices, etc. have been mentioned as part of the political issues in the travelogues.