پديد آورندگان :
كاظم زاده، عماد دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد , كريمي علويجه، نوشين دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد , ابراهيمي سالاري، تقي دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد
كليدواژه :
حكمراني , انرژي , دي اكسيد كربن , رگرسيون پانل كوانتايل
چكيده فارسي :
كاهش انتشار دي‌اكسيد كربن مركز اصلي بحث‌هاي جهاني در مورد مسائل محيط‌زيستي بوده است. در اين زمينه نقش دولت‌ها در توسعه پايدار و حفاظت از محيط‌زيست بر كسي پوشيده نيست. هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي تأثير حكمراني بر انتشار دي‌اكسيد كربن در كشورهاي عضو G8 با استفاده از مدل رگرسيون پانل كوانتايل در دوره زماني 2016-1996 است. نتايج نشان ميدهد كه حكمراني به غير از دهكهاي 70 % به بالا در ساير دهك‌ها اثر منفي و معني‌دار بر گسترش دي‌اكسيد كربن دارد. باز بودن تجارت در دهكهاي پايين اثر مثبت و در دهكهاي مياني تأثير معنيداري ندارد ولي در دهكهاي بالا اثر منفي و معنيداري است. نتايج تخمين رابطه بين GDP و دي‌اكسيد كربن در دهكهاي مياني منفي و معني‌دار است، ولي در دهكهاي پايين و بالا معني‌دار نيست و همچنين مصرف انرژي در تمام سطوح داراي اثر مثبت و معنيداري بر گسترش دي‌اكسيد كربن است.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Good governance is an index designed by the World Bank to classify governments in terms of their attention to people and their social and economic status. One of the most important factors in implementing good governance in many countries has been environmental decision making, in today's world, the environment is one of the most important issues facing people. Various factors affecting the environment include economic variables (industrialization, trade and technological inequality), political variables (democracy and despotism), social variables (urbanization and literacy rate) and government (size and quality of government). In this study, the effect of good governance on CO2 emissions in G8 countries is investigated.
Theoretical framework
Governance has a broad meaning that is directly related to domains such as the economic environment or, in other words, economic security, politics, society and rights. The World Bank has introduced governance indicators to reflect the institutional quality of countries. These indicators include voice and accountability, political stability, control of corruption, regulatory burden, government effectiveness and rule of law. Various aspects of governance, both direct and indirect, affect carbon dioxide emissions.
Methodology
Quantile regressions id based on a symmetric and asymmetric loss function and calculated similarly to the estimation of parameters in the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. The general definition of quantile regression is that if the linear regression model is assumed to be the following:
= + , 0 (1)
) = (2)
Equation (2), the condition quantile function τ distribution of y shows to the condition of random variables x, where the following condition holds.
) =
To estimate the coefficients of the model, minimize the value of the absolute value of the errors is used with proper weighing:
Equation (3) obtains answers by linear programming. In this study, a panel quantile regression method with fixed effects is used. Consider the following fixed-effect panel quantile regression model:
Where is the conditional 100 quantile of , is the fixed-effects parameters correlated with , which exhibits the unobservable effects of each specific country and is the slope coefficient at the 100 quantile. The unique feature of this method is that a penalty term in minimizing to address the computing problem introduces a sum of parameters; Estimates of the parameters are as follows:
min(α,β) (5)
In relation (5), i indicates the number of countries (N), T time period, K, the level of quantiles, x the matrix of explanatory variables and the quantile loss function. In addition, shows the relative weight for kth quantile. In this paper, = 1/K is considered. λ is the adjustment parameter that reduces the individual effects of to zero to improve the performance of β.
