اهميت و جايگاه مرداب‌هاي نمكي

Importance and position of salt Marshes

ﻣﺮداب ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺎﻻب ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﻣﺼﺐ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﯿﺮي، ﮐﻨﺎره ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ و ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ درﯾﺎﯾﯽ و ﺧﻠﯿﺞ ﻫﺎ، وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ در ﺣﺪ واﺳﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ دو اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ و آﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ و ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﻗﺪرت ﺗﺤﻤﻞ داﻣﻨﻪ وﺳﯿﻊ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻮري، دﻣﺎ و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻣﺮداب ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺶ زﯾﺎدي از ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات اوﻟﯿﻪ و ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺼﺮف در اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻢ ﺟﻮار و ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ و ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻐﺬي و ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ، ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﮔﻮﯾﺎي آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ زﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ زﯾﺎدي از ازت، ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و ﮐﺮﺑﻦ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﺆﺛﺮي در ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﺸﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ و ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ زﻣﯿﻦ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺷﻮره زارﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ، ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺴﺘﺮي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺶ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﯽ، ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ و ﺣﺸﺮه ﮐﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﺟﻨﺲ اﺳﭙﺎرﺗﯿﻨﺎ )Spartina( و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ از دو ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﺎﻧﮑﻮس )Juncus( و ﺳﺎﻟﯿﮑﻮرﻧﯿﺎ )Salicornia( ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺮداب ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﮑﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﺬر ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﺎﻟﯿﮑﻮرﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ذﺧﯿﺮه اﺳﯿﺪﻫﺎي ﭼﺮب ﻏﯿﺮاﺷﺒﺎع از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي روﻏﻨﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﮐﺸﺖ و ﭘﺮورش اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ و ﺣﺘﯽ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﺧﻠﯿﺞ ﻓﺎرس، در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺑﺎ آب ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ وﯾﮋه اي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ. ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺮداب ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﮑﯽ در ﺧﻠﯿﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﮐﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪه اي از ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺶ آب ﻫﺎي ﺧﻠﯿﺞ ﻓﺎرس را ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺟﺬب ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻐﺬي و دﯾﮕﺮ آﻻﯾﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه داﺷﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي داده ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در روﻧﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺸﯽ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻐﺬي و ﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻠﺒﮑﯽ و دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻌﻀﻼت زيست محيطي منطقه موثر باشد.

Salt marshes are halophytic wetlands that found in the middle and high latitudes along coastlines. These habitats are intermediate between the two land and water ecosystems with a lot of animal and plants species such as insects, birds and mammals that capable of bearing a wide range of ecological factors, including salinity, temperature and humidity. Also Spartina grass and species of Juncus and salicornia are dominant in these habitats. Salt marshes provide a large portion of the primary and secondary products that can be used in neighboring ecosystems. Studies have shown that these habitats, with stabilization of a high proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon, can play a significant role in modulating environmental problems, including red tide and global warming. Coastal shrubs provide a good condition for biological treatment of oil pollution, heavy metals and insecticides. Seeds of Salicornia are considered to be the most important oily seeds due to the storage of unsaturated fatty acids. The cultivation of these plants is very important in most countries of South America under the limitation of agriculture with freshwater. However Persian Gulf face to some environmental problems such as nutrient increasing, Jellyfish and Phytoplankton blooming, oil spill, most of the salt marshes in the Persian Gulf have been gradually changed for socio-economic development.