ررسي تطبيقي درون‌مايۀ «مرگ» و «معاد» در شعر فريدون مشيري و جان دان

A Comparative Study of the Theme of "Death" and "Resurrection" in the Poetry of Fereydoon Moshiri and John Dunn

ﻓﻼﺳﻔﻪ، ادﺑﺎ و اﻫﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ از دﯾﺮﺑﺎز دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﮥ »ﻣﺮگ« و »زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﻌـﺪ ا ز «ﻣﺮگ« داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﻓﺮﯾﺪون ﻣﺸﯿﺮي، ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ، در ﺷﻌﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان »ﭼﺮا از ﻣﺮگ ﻣﯽ ﺗﺮﺳـ ﯿﺪ؟ ﮐﻪ اﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﯽ از ﻏﺰل ﺟﺎن دان، ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ اﺳﺖ، اﺷﺘﯿﺎﻗﯽ ﺧﺎص ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺮگ اﺑـﺮا ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺮگ را »ﺧﻮاﺑﯽ ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ« ﻗﻠﻤﺪاد ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﺟﺎن دان ﻧﯿﺰ در آﺛﺎر ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻮد، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در ﻏﺰﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم »ﻣﻐﺮور ﻧﺒﺎش ﻣﺮگ«، ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺷﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮگ ﻧﮕﺮﯾﺴﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ و ﺑـه نوعي مرگ را از ﻋﺮش اﺑﻬﺖ ﺑﻪ زﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﯿﺪه، ﻫﻤﭽﻮن »ﺧﻮاﺑﯽ ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ« ﭘﻨﺪاﺷـﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ. وي ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘـﺎرادوﮐﺲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺎن ﻣﺮگِ ﻣﺮگ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺷﻌﺮ ﻓﺮﯾﺪون ﻣﺸـﯿﺮي و ﺟـﺎن دان، و ﺑـﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﺛﺮﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻗﺘﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﺪ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴـﻮي دﻧﯿـﺎز دروزين درﺻﺪد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎي اﺷﻌﺎر اﯾﻦ دو ﺷﺎﻋﺮ را ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و درﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻓﺮﯾـﺪون ﻣﺸﯿﺮي در ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﻣﺮگ، ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ اﻧﺪازه اي ﭘﯿﺮو اﺳﻠﻮب ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و در اﻗﺘﺒﺎس از ﺟﺎن دان، ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ اﻧﺪازه دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺧﻮد و اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﺧﻮد را وارد، و در ﻣﻀﻤﻮن ﺷﻌﺮ دﺧﻞ و ﺗﺼـﺮف ﮐـﺮده اﺳـﺖ؟ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎرادوﮐﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺷﻌﺮ دان از ﻧﺎآراﻣﯽ روح و روان او ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد، وﻟﯽ درﺑﺎرۀ ﻣﺸﯿﺮي ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﮔـﻮ ﯾﯽ او را ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻨﻦ ادﺑـﯽ ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ و ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ ﻧﺎﺑﺴﺎﻣﺎن ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﯾﺮان آن زﻣﺎن داﻧﺴﺖ.

Philosophers, scholars, and religious people have had different views on the issue of "death" and "life after death" in the past. Contemporary Iranian poet Fereydoon Moshiri, in a poem entitled "Why Do You Fear Death?", an adaptation of the English metaphysical poet John Donne, has expressed a particular passion for the subject of death and he called death a "sweet sleep". John Donne has also taken a positive view of death in his various works, especially in a poem called "Don't Be Proud of Death" and somehow dragged death from the throne of glory and thought of it as a "sweet sleep". He has been demanding death by paradox. This article aims to assess the similarities and differences between the poems of the two poets by examining the poetry of Fereydoon Moshiri and John Dunn, and by relying on the theory of direct relevance of the works and the subject of the French critics' adaptation of Dionýz Ďurišin and to find out how much Fereydoon Moshiri has been a metaphysical poet in describing death and to what extent has John Dunn adapted his view of himself and his community, and interfered with the content of poetry? The results of this study show that the paradox in Don's poetry stems from the unrest in his psyche, but Moshiri's paradox can be related to past literary traditions and the political and social conditions of Iran at that time.