ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺮه وري آب در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮﻧﺞ در اﯾﺮان

Comparison of water productivity indices and virtual water in major rice producing provinces in Iran

ﺧﺸﮏ ﺳﺎﻟﯽ و ﮐﻢآﺑﯽ در اﯾﺮان ﯾﮏ واﻗﻌﯿﺖ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ روﻧﺪ روزاﻓﺰون ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ آب، ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﮐﻢآﺑﯽ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي آﯾﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت راﻫﺒﺮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﯿﺎز آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﺎﻻ را ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻧﯿﺎز آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ دارد و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤـﺪودﯾﺖ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ آب در ﮐﺸـﻮر، ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ راﻫﮑﺎر ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﯾﯽ در ﻣﺼﺮف آب، ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﻬﺮهوري آن اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺮه وري آب در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﻪ ازاي واﺣﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ آب ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ، ﺳﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺺ و ﺳﻮد ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻪ ازاي واﺣﺪ ﻣﺼﺮف آب را ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻬﺎر اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨـﺪه اﯾـﻦ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﮔـﯿﻼن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران، ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن و ﻓﺎرس ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، از داده ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﻄﻌﯽ ﺳـﺎل زراﻋـﯽ 1393-94 ﻃـﺮح ﻫﺰﯾﻨـﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ ﺑـﺮﻧﺞ وزارت ﺟﻬـﺎد ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي از ﺑﺮﻧﺞﮐﺎران ﻫﺮ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﻧﯿﺎز آﺑﯽ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ در اﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ازدور ﺑـﺮآورد ﺷـﺪ . ﻧﺘـﺎﯾﺞ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﻪ ازاي واﺣﺪ ﻧﯿﺎز آﺑﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران و ﮔﯿﻼن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 0/99 و 0/88 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗ ﯿـﺐ ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﻬﺮه وري آب را دارا ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﻓﺎرس و ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 0/65 و 0/52 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ در رﺗﺒﻪ ﺳﻮم و ﭼﻬﺎرم ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻪ ازاي آب ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﯿﻼن و ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﯿـﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 9310 و 6590 رﯾـﺎل ﺑـﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌـﺐ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ را دارا ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ در اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن و ﻓﺎرس ﺑـﻪ ﺧﺼـﻮص در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي ﮐﻢآب ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﻮد.

Drought and water scarcity in Iran is a climatic reality, and given the increasing need of different sectors for water, the problem of water scarcity in the coming years threatens the sustainability of cultivating some strategic crops with high water requirement. Rice cultivation requires high irrigation and is susceptible to water stress, so the best way to save water is to improve its water productivity. In this regard, in the present study, the estimation of rice water productivity indices was done in four major rice producing provinces of the country, including: Guilan, Mazandaran, Khuzestan, and Fars provinces. This study uses cross-sectional data from 2014-2015 rice production cost plan of Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture collected by cluster sampling from each province's farmers and estimated water requirement through remote sensing to calculate water productivity indices. The results showed that Mazandaran and Guilan provinces had the highest water productivity (yield/water requirement) with average of 0.99 and 0.88 kg/m3, respectively, Fars and Khuzestan provinces were in third and fourth places with averages of 0.65 and 0.52 kg/m3, respectively. The results showed that the highest net benefit of water consumption were in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces with averages of 9310 and 6590 Rials/m3, respectively. According to the results of this study, it is recommended to limit rice cultivation in Khuzestan and Fars provinces, especially in years with water deficiency.