ﮐﺎرﺑﺴﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺎﯾﮑﻞ رﯾﻔﺎﺗﺮ در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺼﯿﺪة »ﺧُﺬ وردةَ اﻟﺜﱠﻠﺞ ﺧُﺬ اﻟﻘﲑواﻧﻴﺔ« ﺳﻌﺪي ﯾﻮﺳﻒ

The Application of Michael Rifatter’s Semiotic Theory in the Analysis of the Poem “Khoz Vardat al-Salje Khoz al-Kairouaniat” by Saadi Yousef

رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺎﯾﮑﻞ رﯾﻔﺎﺗﺮ ﯾﮑﯽ از روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺪ ادﺑﯽ دوران ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﯽ و واﮐﻨﺶ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﻣﺘﮑﯽ اﺳﺖ و در ﭘﯽِ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ارﺟﺎع ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ در درونِ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺒﮑﻪاي ﺑﻪﻫﻢ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ از ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﺳﺖ و ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻤﯽ را ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﻌﺮ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﮐﺸﻒ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﻮاﻧﺶ ادﺑﯽ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻣﯽﮐﻮﺷﺪ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺘﻦ را از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ زﯾﺮاﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﺘﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاﻧﺪ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮده و ﺑﺮ اﻧﺴﺠﺎم دروﻧﯽ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻋﻠﯽرﻏﻢ وﺟﻮد دﮔﺮﺳﺎﻧﯽﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻋﺒﻮر از ﺧﻮاﻧﺶ اﮐﺘﺸﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﺶ ﭘﺲﮐﻨﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ روﯾﮑﺮد ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﺻﺪد اﺳﺖ ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﭘﺮدازي ﻗﺼﯿﺪه »ﺧُﺬ وردةَ اﻟﺜﱠﻠﺞ ﺧُﺬ اﻟﻘﲑواﻧﻴﺔ« ﺳﻌﺪي ﯾﻮﺳﻒ، ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺮاﻗﯽ را ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ رﯾﻔﺎﺗﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻻﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻨﻬﺎن ﻣﺘﻦ، اﯾﺪة ﻣﺤﻮري و راﺑﻄﮥ ﺑﯿﻨﺎﻣﺘﻨﯽ آن ﺑﺎ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻮن دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ. ﺧﻮاﻧﺶ اﮐﺘﺸﺎﻓﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻗﺼﯿﺪه ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ رواﯾﺘﯽ دراﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ از روح رﻧﺠﯿﺪة ﺷﺎﻋﺮ و ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺎر ﺑﻪ دور دﺳﺖﻫﺎ و ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﺪي ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ و او را از وﻃﻨﺶ دورﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. اﻣﺎ ﺧﻮاﻧﺶ ﭘﺲﮐﻨﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺷﻌﺮ داراي ﭘﻨﺞ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ و ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪي ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي ﻓﮑﺮي ﻣﺴﻠﻂ و ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺼﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬر از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺎﮐﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ رﻣﺰﮔﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در آن و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﯿﺮدﺳﺘﻮري و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﭘﺮدازيِ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از آنﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺻﻠﯽ )ﻫﯿﭙﻮﮔﺮام( و اﺛﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ( دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﯾﻦ ﻗﺼﯿﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﭼﻮن ﯾﺄس و اﻧﺪوه، ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺪ و ﻏﺮﺑﺖ، ﻋﺸﻖ ﺑﻪ وﻃﻦ، اﺧﺘﻨﺎق و ﺧﻔﻘﺎن، ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﯿﮕﺎﻧﮕﺎن ﺑﺮ وﻃﻦ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ، دﻋﻮت ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرزه و رﺳﺘﺎﺧﯿﺰي، ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﭼﻬﺮة ﺑﻪ ﻏﺎرت رﻓﺘﮥ ﻋﺮاق و ﻣﺄﯾﻮس ﺷﺪن از اوﺿﺎع ﺣﺎﮐﻢ اﺳﺖ.

Michael Rifatter’s semiotics is one of the approaches of literary criticism of the contemporary era. It offers a coherent framework for critique and analysis of poetry. The bases of this theory are the discovery of the semantic network of poetry based on interpretation according to the reader’s literary ability and trying to discover the origin of the text by passing from heuristic reading to interpretive reading. This study tries to analyze the semiotic processes of Saadi Yousef’s poem “Khoz Vardat al­-Salje Khoz al-Kairouaniat” based on Rifatter’s semiotic theory in order to reach the hidden layers of the text. The heuristic reading of this poem expresses the dramatic story of the poet’s grieving soul as he is on a train which journeys to distant lands and takes him farther away from his homeland. But the retroactive reading of the poem shows that it has five accumulations and a descriptive system. By going from the quote level (appearance) to the higher level, by finding the codes in the poem as well as the ungrammaticalities and semiotics for each of them, the authors have found explanation for the main subject (hypogram) and the effect of the semantic structure of the text (matrix). The analysis of this poem shows that it is the product of expanding several matrices such as despair and sorrow, exile and homesickness, love for the homeland, oppression and repression, domination of foreigners over the poet’s homeland, invitation to fighting back, portraying the plundered Iraq, and disappointment with the present situation.