كاركرد نمادين اسطوره در شعر يوسف الخال

اسطوره در شعر معاصر عربي از جايگاه بسيار گسترده اي برخوردار است كه بسياري از شاعران معاصرعرب از اسطوره براي بيان مفاهيم مطلوب خود استفاده كرده­اند و يكي از شاعران معاصرعربي، يوسف الخال مي­باشد كه تمايل بسياري در به كارگيري اسطوره از خود نشان داده است و اسطوره را به معناي دقيق آن در شعر خود به­كار گرفته است و شخصيّت مسيح (ع)به عنوان يكي از اسطوره­­هاي ديني به دليل در برداشتن مفاهيم رستاخيزي و پيروزي از پركاربردترين اساطير در ديوان يوسف الخال به شمار مي­رود و به شيوه­هاي­ گوناگون در شعر او نمود پيدا مي­كند. در اين جستار برآنيم كه با استفاده از روش توصيفي- تحليلي، به كاركردهاي مختلف شخصيت مسيح (ع) درديوان يوسف الخال بپردازيم؛ بنابراين سؤال اصلي تحقيق بررسي كيفيت ابعاد و و زواياي كاركرد اسطوره اي شخصيت مسيح (ع) در ديوان شاعر و نتايج حاصله حاكي از آن است كه مسيح گاه نماد منجي و رهايي بخشِ انسان ها از گناهان و گاه نماد رَنچ و در برخي احوال، به سان چهرة منتقم ظهور مي­كند و در واقع شاعر با استفاده از شخصيت مسيح(ع) مشكلات و مسائل اجتماعي جامعه خويش را به تصوير مي­كشد.

1. Introduction The presence of myths is visible in the literature of every nation. In the meantime, Arabs and especially its poets were familiar with mythical figures. Mentioning the names of mythical heroes with their legendary features in the poetry of Jahili (pre-Islam) period indicates this familiarity. After literary resurrection and establishing connection with Western culture and civilization, using myths was reformed which dates back to mid-twentieth century. In this period Arab poets have used myth for expressing concepts and applied it as a useful means in poetical illustration. 1.1 Statement of the Problem and Research Questions Arab contemporary poets aimed to benefit from extraordinary power and capabilities of myth for their goals and wishes. For the realization of their goals the heroes and mythical figures are revived in order to objectify their ideas, emotions, and passions and in this way poetical experience is mingled with mythical concepts. Among all the myths, the religious ones have also appeared in poems of Arab poets. The figures of prophets including Mohammad (pbuh), Jesus (AS), Moses (AS), and Job (AS) have been frequently used in the poetry of contemporary poets. The poets by benefiting from these figures and their related issues tried to induce their concerned concepts. Among the prophet figures that can be found in Yusuf al-Khal’s poetry are Abraham (AS), Job (AS), Adam (AS), and Jesus (AS). Jesus (AS) is one of the most frequently used figures among these figures. Considering the unbalanced circumstances of Arab society, Yusuf al-Khal wishes for a savior of mankind to set up a global resurrection. He wishes for a great resurrection which brings a better life for the Arab nation. By using the symbols of this religious myth he protests against political failures, unorganized conditions of Arabs, and the presence of terror atmosphere. So, in this article we study the different aspects of Jesus Christ (AS)’s personality in Yusuf al-Khal’s divan. The main research question is: in what aspects the mythical function of Jesus (AS) character is represented in poet’s divan? 1.2 The Goals and Necessity of Research Since myth and mythical function in Arab contemporary poetry is transformed from a simple, ordinary function to an influential function with predetermined goals, the goal of this research is to extract and express myth function in one of the greatest contemporary Arab mythographer’s divan that is Yusuf al-Khal and to study its contemporary social function. The extended and different function of myth in al-Khal’s divan shows the necessity of this research. 1.3 Detailed Research Method In this research by using descriptive-analytic method first, poet’s divan was carefully studied and the examples of myth function were extracted and finally analyzed and studied. 1.4 Research Background In a section of ‘Al-Ustura fi al-She’r-e-al-Arabi al-Mo’ser’ book by Yusuf al-Halavi the myth in Yusuf al-Khal poetry is dealt with that is not specifically about Jesus (AS). Also, As’ad Razogh in ‘Al-Sho’ara-e-Al-Tamozion: Al-Ustura fi al-She’r-e-al-Arabi al-Mo’ser’ published in 1996 studies the style of myth usage in poetry of five Arab contemporary poets including Khalil Havi, Sayab, Adonis, and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. In one of the chapters he has dealt with some of mythical odes of Yusuf al-Khal including ‘Al-Bae’r al-Mahjoureh’ however, it doesn’t include other odes concerning Jesus (AS) myth. In the article “Myth in the Arab Contemporary Tamouzi Poets’ Poem” (Akbarizadeh, 1393: 27-46) which is published in Lyrical Literature No.23 myth in three Arab poets including Adonis, Sayab, and Bayati are dealt with but no mention has been made to al-Khal divan. In this field, the most important article is “Al-Masih va al-Romoz al-Masihiyah fi Divan Yusuf al-Khal” (Roshanfekr, 2014: 61-90) published in Al-Loghat al-Arabiyah va Adaboha No.1 magazine. Reading present article and comparing it with mentioned article shows the similar and different aspects clearly, because the goal of present article is to illustrate mythical aspect of Jesus (AS) character in the form of (4) a mythical symbol. It is a method which the mentioned article does not have and instead it generally have dealt with Jesus (AS) character in divan and have not emphasized on the mythical and symbolic aspect of Jesus (AS).