بررسي فقهي ـ حقوقي مباني عدم‌جريان خيار شرط در پاره اي از عقود

A Jurisprudential-Legal Survey on the Foundations of Non-Operation of Condition Option in Some Contracts

به‌عنوان يك قاعد كلي مي‌توان گفت درج خيار شرط در كليه عقود ممكن است؛ و از قواعد عمومي قراردادها است. با وجوداين اندراج خيار شرط در تمامي عقود و معاملات امكان‌پذير نيست چراكه اولاً خيار شرط بايد با طبيعت و ماهيت عقد سازگار بوده و با مقتضاي عقد منافات نداشته باشد، ثانياً درج خيار شرط در عقد مخالف نظم عمومي و اخلاق حسنه نباشد؛ بنابراين درج خيار شرط در عقد وقف به علت تنافي با مقتضاي عقد، باطل و مبطل و در ضمان هرچند منافاتي با مقتضاي عقد ندارد ليكن درج خيار شرط در ضمان ازآن‌جهت باطل است كه مخل حقوق ثالث (مضمون عنه) هست. درج خيار شرط در نكاح به علت مخالفت با نظم عمومي و حكم ماده 1069 قانون مدني و اجماع فقهاي اماميه باطل است. مبناي عدم‌جريان خيار شرط براي مؤجر، در قرارداد اجاره محل كسب و پيشه را بايد در جنبه حمايتي قانون از قشر مستأجر و بالطبع وصف آمرانه قانون و توجه مقنن به ثبات اقتصادي جستجو كرد.

Although the option of condition is regarded as one of the general rules of contracts, firstly it should be compatible with the nature and substance of the contract and not be incompatible with its requirements; secondly, its stipulation should not be contrary to public order and good morals. Therefore, stipulating condition option in the contract of endowment (Waqf) is invalid and invalidating because of incompatibility with the requirements of the contract, in guarantee is invalid for violating the rights of third party (guaranteed), and in the contract of marriage is invalid in that it is contrary to public order and the ruling of article 1069 of Iranian Civil Code and the consensus (Ijma') of Imamiyah jurists, but as the result of some interests, does not invalidate the contract. Furthermore, the foundation of non-operation of condition option for the renter in the contract of renting the place of business should be found in the protective aspect of the related Act in favor of the tenant class and consequently it's imperative character and mindfulness of the legislator as to economic stability. Hence, as a general rule, it could be said that stipulation of option condition is possible in all the contracts unless it is incompatible with the nature of the contract or is contrary to public order and good morals.