كليدواژه :
ازتوباكتر كروكوكوم , پروتئين دانه , كلونيزاسيون ريشه , لوبيا قرمز , ميكوريزا آربسكولار
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: Increasing crop production to meet the food needs of a growing population of the world has needed for many (Barea, 2015). Intensive agriculture is a farming system characterized by a large use of inputs (chemical fertilizers and pesticides), causing a large pressure on the environment. Today, the current agricultural ecosystems due to the limited arable land and the need for products produced in most communities increase agricultural systems leading to unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers (Scotti et al., 2015). The use of chemical fertilizer: nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), potash (K2O) in 2014-year ad around the world to 85.5, 32.2 and 20.4 (kg of nutrients per ha) respectively. In comparison with year 2000 (Within 14 years), 64.9, 25.9 and 18.2 (kg of nutrients per ha) respectively: 31.7, 28.1 and 12 % it has increased (FAO, 2015). The enhance health and food security, agricultural products produced in systems in order to maintain the dynamics of ecosystems, crops based on ecological principles is important. Unbalanced and inconsiderate use of chemical inputs cause instability in agricultural ecosystems and irreparable economic and environmental effects as agriculture is known around the world. Sustainable agriculture with a view to achieving sustainable production and sustainability in the long term, the reduction or elimination of chemical inputs in agricultural production is based. Biological fertilizers contain preservatives with a dense population of beneficial soil microorganisms one or more and or metabolic products are available to improve soil fertility and appropriate supply of nutrients needed by plants in a sustainable farming system used and Global approach to agricultural production Toward Production and use of these microorganisms in the arable system.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during growing season of 2016 at the experimental field of Beiran Shahr town of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 31' E, 33° 40' N and 1653m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of three factors were studied: 1. Inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhizal M (Glomus etunicatum, G. intraradices, G. mossea) in tow levels (M1= inoculation, M2= no inoculation), 2. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (strain 15) A, in tow levels (A1= inoculation, A2= no inoculation) and 3. Different Cultivars of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in three levels (V1: landrace beiran shahr, V2: Akhtar and V3: Goli varieties). Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta. The Protein percent was carried out by Macro–Kjeldahl method and for measuring Root colonization, Gridline Intersect methods were used.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the main effect of biological fertilizer, leaf number, SPAD chlorophyll content, root colonization, seed protein percent, seed yield and straw yield in the red bean cultivars were significantly increased, and as well as the tow interacation effect of the mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, root colonization were significantly increased. Based on variance analysis effects of triple action between Azotobacter×Mycorrhiza×Cultivars there were observed significant (P≤0.05) for seed yield. So that caused inoculation Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal×Cultivars, to seed yield in landrace beiran shahr, Akhtar and Goli varieties increased 56.5, 19.1 and 43.2 Percent compared to ttreatment non inoculation, respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from the combined effect of Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal×varieties Goli (2981 kg. ha-1) plants with progressive indeterminate growth type.
Conclusions: Obtained results of this experiment showed that the studied traits of Red Bean cultivars were influenced by used biological fertilizer. It seems that the use of biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter) through better root and shoot growth, the balance between vegetative and reproductive development and improvement of leaf number, SPAD chlorophyll content and root colonization, could bean cultivars to significantly increase of economic performance. Generally, the application of these microorganisms provided the conditions necessary to improve the key characteristics associated with the growth and qualitative performance of bean plants. Which can be considered with respect to the sustainable production objectives of this plant, as well as to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in sustainable ecosystems.
