بررسي ديدگاه امام محمد غزالي در باب نسبت اختيار و ضرورت علّي

Critique of Al-Ghazâlî's View on the Relationship between Determinism and The Free Will

راﺑﻄﻪ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ »ﺟﺒﺮ ﻋﻠّﯽ و ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﯽ« از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺰاع ﻣﯿﺎن اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪان اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، از ﺣﮑﻤﺎ و ﻣﺘﮑﻠﻤﺎن و اﺻﻮﻟﯿﺎن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺸﻬﻮر ﺣﮑﻤﺎي اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر را در ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﻘﻠﯽ و ﺿﺮوري ﻧﻤﯽداﻧﻨﺪ وﻟﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﺘﮑﻠﻤﺎن از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ آن را ﻣﻨﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﻟﺬا ﻣﺤﻮر اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ در آﺛﺎر ﻣﺘﻔﮑﺮ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﻼم و ﻣﺘﮑﻠﻢ ﺑﺰرگ اﺷﻌﺮي )ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ( اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﮐﻼﻣﯽ وي را در ﺑﺎب ﻧﺴﺒﺖ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر و ﺿﺮورت ﻋﻠّﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از ﺣﯿﺚ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي، و از ﺣﯿﺚ روش، ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺪف، ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر، ﺿﺮورت ﻋﻠّﯽ و اراده، اﻧﮕﯿﺰهﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻧﻔﯽ ﻋﻠﯿﺖ در ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﮑﺮي ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﻮد. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ اﺷﻌﺮيﮔﺮي ﺑﺮ ﮐﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ ﺳﺎﯾﻪ اﻓﮑﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺳﺒﺐ ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن وي در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر و اراده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺿﺮورت ﻋﻠّﯽ و ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻮدن ﻗﺪرت اﻟﻬﯽ و ﺳﻠﺐ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻧﺴﺎن و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺎر و ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻮدن ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ در اﻋﻤﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. از اﯾﻦ رو در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮال اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ آﯾﺎ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه اﻣﺎم ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮورت ﻋﻠّﯽ و ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﯽ و اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺎر ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﺮد ﯾﺎ ﻧﻪ؟ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ در اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮورت ﻋﻠّﯽ ﺟﻤﻊﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.

The relationship between the free will and the philosophical rule of "causal determinism" is one of the issues that have been the subject of controversy among Islamic thinkers, theologians, and philosophers. Well-known Islamic scholars do not consider causal determinism in conflict with this rational and necessary law, but some theologians, including Al-Ghazâlî have considered it contrary to the free will. Therefore, the focus of this research is to study and research the works of the prominent thinker of the Islamic world and the great Ash'arite (/æʃəˈriː/; Arabic: أشعرية al-ʾAšʿarīyah or ٱلْأَشَاعِرَة al-ʾAšāʿirah) theologian (Al-Ghazâlî) to study and evaluate his theological thought about the relation of the free will and causal determinism. In this article, after explaining the concepts of the free will, causal determinism and will, the basic motives for denying causality in Ghazali's intellectual system have been examined. In general, it turns out that Ash'arite thought has overshadowed all of Al-Ghazâlî's theories and has led to his various orientations in all matters, including the free will. According to Al-Ghazâlî, believing in the rule of causal necessity requires the limitation of divine power and the deprivation of human free will and the free agent and the compulsion of God in his actions. Therefore, in answer to the main question of the research, that is, from the point of view of Al-Ghazâlî, is it possible to combine the belief in the causal determinism and the free will the free agent or not? It can be said that in Al-Ghazâlî's thought, human free will cannot be combined with causal necessity or determinsm.