پديد آورندگان :
يحيي آبادي، ياسمن دانشگاه مازندران - دانشكده علوم پايه - گروه زيست شناسي , محمودي اطاقوري، آرمان دانشگاه مازندران - دانشكده علوم پايه - گروه زيست شناسي , نظيفي، احسان دانشگاه مازندران - دانشكده علوم پايه - گروه زيست شناسي
كليدواژه :
گرده شناسي , تاكسونومي , فيتوشيمي , Mentha
چكيده فارسي :
ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﻌﻨﺎ )Mentha L.( از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ و ﭘﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Lamiaceae در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ و داروﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺎد در ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪاﺳﻴﻮن ﻣﻜﺮر، ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻓﻴﺘﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﮔﺮده ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي M. pulegium ،M. aquatica و M. longifolia در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﻼن، ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران و ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن، ﺑﺎ روش ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ ﮔﺎزي-ﻃﻴﻒ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ و اﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮوﻓﻮﺗﻮﻣﺘﺮي، و رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﻪ ﮔﺮده آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻧﮕﺎره ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ M. aquatica، ﺑﺘﺎ- ﻛﺎرﻳﻮﻓﻴﻠﻦ و ژرﻣﺎﻛﺮن-دي، در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ M. pulegium، ﭘﻮﻟﮕﻮن و ﻣﻨﺘﻮن، در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ M. longifolia، دي- ﻛﺎرون و ﭘﻴﭙﺮﻳﺘﻨﻮن اﻛﺴﺎﻳﺪ،ﻋﻤﺪه ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﻣﻴﺰان ﻓﻨﻞ، ﻓﻼوﻧﻮﺋﻴﺪ، ﻓﻼوﻧﻮل، ﺳﺎﭘﻮﻧﻴﻦ، ﻛﺎروﺗﻨﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻛﻞ و ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻠﺮوﻓﻴﻞ a و b داراي ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري در ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮده و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ M. aquatica ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان از اﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ را ﻧﺸﺎن داد. داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده در ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔﺮد، اﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﺮوي ﻛﺸﻴﺪه، 6 ﺷﻴﺎري، ﺑﺎ ﺗﺰﺋﻴﻨﺎت ﺳﻄﺢ اﮔﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ اي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻃﻮل ﻗﻄﺒﻲ )P(، ﻋﺮض اﺳﺘﻮاﻳﻲ )E(، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ P ﺑﻪ E، ﻋﺮض ﺷﻴﺎر و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ دو ﺷﻴﺎر داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري داﺷﺘﻪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي M. aquatica و M. pulegium ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ را ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﺷﺎره دارد ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ و رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﻪ ﮔﺮده ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪ رده ﺑﻨﺪي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
The genus Mentha L. is one of the most important taxa of the Lamiaceae family which is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Because of wide variety in morphological characteristics and frequent hybridization, the taxonomic classification of this genus is complex. Phytochemical and palynological studies, along with morphological characteristics, can be helpful in plant systematic and taxonomy. In this study, plant metabolites of various populations of M. aquatica, M. pulegium and M. longifolia species in Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and spectrophotometeric methods, as well as their pollen morphology with scanning electron microscope were studied. The results showed that β-caryophylline and germacrene-D in M. aquatica, pulegone and menthone in M. pulegium and D-carvon and piperitenone oxide in M. Longifolia were the major chemical compounds in the essential oil. Moreover, the total amount of phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, saponins, carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b were significantly different among species and M. aquatica showed the highest amount of these secondary metabolites. The pollen grains in different populations of these species were monad, hexacolpate and often prolate-spheroidal with reticulate tectum surface. The polar length (P), equatorial width (E), P to E ratio, colpus width and the distance between two colpi in the pollen grains of these species showed significant differences; M. aquatica and M. pulegium species had the highest and lowest values. The results suggest that the secondary metabolites and the morphology of pollen grains can be effective in identification and taxonomic classification of these species.
