مقارنه تحولات ناظر بر مسئوليت كيفري اطفال و نوجوانان در قانون مجازات اسلامي1392 و فقه جزايي اسلام

Criminal Responsibility of Children an‎d Juvenile : Conformity or Conflict of Legislative Innovations Whit Shia Jurisprudence

قانونگذار مجازات اسلامي 1392 با اتخاذ سياست كيفري خاص نسبت به سن مسئوليت كيفري اطفال و نوجوانان و نيز پاسخ به رفتار معارض با قانون آنها، رويكرد نويني را اتخاذ نموده است. شناسائي مراتب مسئوليت كيفري متناسب با گروه هاي سني مختلف، پذيرش سن مسئوليت كيفري بالاتر از سن بلوغ بدون تمايز بين دختران و پسران، پيش بيني پاسخ هاي متنوع اصلاح مدار، جامعه محور و ارفاقي در جرائم تعزيري، دخالت دادن رشد جزايي در مسئوليت كيفري كامل، قبول مسئوليت كيفري نقصان يافته به ويژه در جرائم موجب حد و قصاص مسئله انطباق يا عدم انطباق آن با فقه جزايي اسلام و نارسائي هاي محتمل آن را مطرح مي سازد. باور بر اين است كه تحولات قانوني ياد شده با موازين فقهي در اين خصوص انطباق داشته اما از برخي نارسائي نيز رنج مي برد. در نهايت ايده اتخاذ سياست كيفري واحد با تعيين سن پانزده سال شمسي به مثابه اماره رشد جزايي و مبدا مسئوليت كيفري در قبال كليه جرائم اطفال و نوجوانان مطرح مي گردد

Human personality is gradually perfected in childhood. Flexibility and the ability to modify the behavior of children and adolescents is in conflict with the criminal law of putting offending label, taking security and corrective measures, and specifying a minimum age of responsibility for them. The Islamic Penal law passed in 1392has adopted an improve penal policy in line with Islamic criminal law, taking remarkable innovations including identify the levels of criminal responsibility according to different age groups, taking the age of criminal responsibility more than the age of puberty regardless of being male or female, predicting the a variety of reform-oriented community-based and lenient decisions and measures, in sentence crimes, the involvement of criminal development in the full criminal responsibility, accepting diminished criminal responsibility, particularly in Hadd and Qisas (equal retaliation) offenses. The same is with the criminal law in which the age of puberty is determined due to the criminal development and is considered as elements of criminal responsibility and, in turn, implies a gradual and hierarchical criminal liability and free-handedness of an Islamic state in determining the age of comprehensive criminal liability and the type of responses in that age and before that, except in cases where the legislator expressly prohibited. The paper aims to clarify that determining the age of fifteen solar years old as evidence of growing criminal does not conflict with Islamic law in offenses as well as crimes causing the Hadd and equal retaliation