پديد آورندگان :
طيب نيا، علي دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدٔه اقتصاد , اختري، آزاده دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدٔه اقتصاد , مهرآرا، محسن دانشگاه تهران - دانشكدٔه اقتصاد
كليدواژه :
حباب ذاتي , روش فروت و آبسفلد , عامل بنيادين , درآمدهاي صادرات نفتي , كسري بودجه , رگرسيون گام به گام , تحريم
چكيده فارسي :
هدف اين مقاله بررسي وجود حبابهاي ذاتي در نرخ غيررسمي ارز دلار به ريال، علل ايجاد اين حبابها، و تعيين بازههاي وقوع آنها جهت اتخاذ سياستهاي مناسب است. حبابهاي ذاتي كه منشأ آن تغييرات عامل بنيادين است، با شكلگيري انتظاراتي مبني بر ارزشمندبودن ارز در دورههاي آتي نسبت به داراييهاي مشابه و ارزشگذاري بيشازحد ارز ايجاد و با حبابهاي سفتهسازي كه بهواسطهٔ افزايش تقاضاي ارز در اين دوره با انگيزهٔ كسب سود در دورههاي آتي شكل ميگيرند، متفاوتاند. از ديدگاه روششناسي، هنگاميكه نرخ بنيادين و نرخ ارز برازششده بر هم منطبق نيستند، حباب ذاتي وجود دارد. طبق يافتههاي مقاله در بازه زماني خرداد تا اسفند 1394، حباب ذاتي در نرخ ارز وجود داشته كه علت آن كاهش در درآمدهاي نفتي است. همچنين در بازه زماني بهمن 1396 تا شهريور 1397، حباب ذاتي مشاهده شد كه علت ايجاد حباب، كسري بودجه و تأمين آن با فروش سكههاي طلاي ارزان بود، كه ريشه در نگراني از كاهش درآمدهاي نفتي بهواسطهٔ اعمال تحريمها و اجراي سياست كنترل ارزي و ايجاد تقاضاي احتياطي دلار داشت. اما هنگاميكه اين دو نرخ بر هم منطبقاند، حباب ذاتي وجود ندارد. در اين حالت، حباب سفتهسازي وجود دارد كه عامل ايجاد آنها تحريمهاي نفتي و بانكي است.
واژههاي كليدي:
چكيده لاتين :
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of intrinsic bubbles in the non-official exchange rate of the USD/IRR and the causes of these bubbles and determine the intervals of their occurrence, to adopt appropriate policies at the macro level to reduce these bubbles. Intrinsic (endogenous) bubbles are developed by creating expectations that the foreign currency will be valuable in future periods relative to other assets and overvaluing the foreign currency in this period, due to changes in the fundamental factor affecting the exchange rate. Speculation bubbles, which are based on expectations of an increase in the exchange rate and are formed by the increase in demand for foreign currency in this period, with the motivation of making a profit in future periods, are quite different.
From a methodological point of view, there is an intrinsic bubble when the estimated non-official fundamental exchange rate and the estimated non-official exchange rate with the Froot and Obstfeld method (1991) don’t match. The findings of this paper indicate that in the period from June 2015 to the end of March 2016, there was an intrinsic bubble in the non-official exchange rate. The source of the positive intrinsic bubble in this period was the decline in oil revenues due to the negative bubble in oil prices from 2014 to 2016. Also, from February 2018 to September 2018, a positive intrinsic bubble was observed in the non-official exchange rate. The reason for the intrinsic bubble of this period was not the decline in oil revenues. Rather, the budget deficit due to the non-realization of a part of government revenues and the supply of selling cheap gold coins, which led to the entry of liquidity into the foreign exchange market, fears of a sharp decline in oil exporting revenues due to comprehensive US sanctions and implementation of currency control policy in April 2018, which led to the successive failure of the resistance levels of USD and the creation of a cautious demand for the dollar has been the source of this bubble. But when the two rates coincide, there is no intrinsic bubble. In this case, in periods such as January 2012 to March 2012, September 2012 to November 2012, and February 2013 to March 2013, when the requirements of the rational speculation bubble are met, there is a speculation bubble caused by oil and banking sanctions.