تأثير عوامل فيزيوگرافي بر تراكم، تاج پوشش و توليد گونه دارويي Ferula orientalis (مطالعه موردي: دره شهداي اروميه)

Effects of Physiographic Factors on Density, Canopy Cover and Production Medicinal Species Ferula Orientalis (Case Study: Shohada Valley of Urmia)

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اﺻﻠﯽﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺰء ﻫﻤﻪ اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود زﯾﺎدي ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ، ﺧﺎﮐﯽ، ﭘﺴﺘﯽ و ﺑﻠﻨﺪي و زﯾﺴﺘﯽ در ﺣﻀﻮر و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت آنﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ اﺛﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ، ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ داروﯾﯽ Ferula orientalis در دره ﺷﻬﺪاي اروﻣﯿﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، ﺳﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ و ﻫﻔﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺷﯿﺐ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ 8 ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ 3 ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﮑﺖ ﺑﻪﻃﻮل 100 ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ- ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ و در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻫﺮ ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﮑﺖ 5 ﭘﻼت ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺧﺘﻼف ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ از ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ و ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت از روش آزﻣﻮن ﭼﻨﺪ داﻣﻨﻪاي داﻧﮑﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ 1700-2300 ﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﺎ 7500 ﭘﺎﯾﻪ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺷﯿﺐ ﺑﯿﺶ از 70 % ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ 97 ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﺑﻮده و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ در ﻣﻮرد ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ ﺑﺎ 148/3 ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض اﯾﻦﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع، ﺟﻬﺖ و ﺷﯿﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ، ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ F. orientalis ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮده-اﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ، ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ در ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ 1700-2300 ﻣﺘﺮ و در ﺷﯿﺐ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از 70 % و در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.

Background and Objective: Plants are the major component of natural ecosystems including the rangelands which extend all they largely controlled by environmental factors and ecological, climate, soil, topography and biological properties are effective on their presence and traits. This study was performed in the Shohada valley of Urmia in order to evaluate the effect of physiographic factors on density, canopy cover and production of Ferula Orientalis. Methods: According to the current situation in the region, three height floors, three direction floors and seven slope floors were selected. Also, 8 sites were identified in the study area. In each site, 3 transects with a length of 100 meters were systematically-randomly plotted along each transect and 5 parameters were recorded. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the differences between the studied parameters and physiographic factors and Duncan's multiple range tests was used to compare the mean of the traits. Findings: Most density of studied species was observed in the 1700-2300 meters height class with 7,500 individuals per hectare. Also, the highest level of the species extends belong to slope of more than 70 percent with an area of 97 ha. The highest level of the aspect is related to East with 3/148 ha. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that the elevation, slope and aspect significantly have been effective on density, canopy cover and production of Ferula Orientalis. Generally the results showed that the highest density, canopy cover and production belonged to 1700-2300 meters altitude and on the slope above 70% and in the east aspect.