جايگاه اصل احتياط در حقوق بين‌الملل درياها ( با تاكيد بر قضيه‌ي ماهي تن آبي باله)

The Place of the Precaution Principle in the International Law of the Sea (With Emphasis on Southern Bluefish case)

اﺻﻞ اﺣﺘﯿﺎط ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي از وﻗﻮع ﺧﺴﺎرات زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ دارد و ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار، ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﻮد. اﯾﻦ اﺻﻞ در ﮐﻨﺎر دﯾﮕﺮ اﺻﻮل زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻗﺎﻋﺪهاي ﻃﻼﯾﯽ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از وﻗﻮع ﺧﺴﺎرات زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ اﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﺳﺎﺳﯽ اﺻﻞ ﻣﺬﮐﻮر در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ درﯾﺎﯾﯽ در ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي از » آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ درﯾﺎﯾﯽ« و ﻧﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ »ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ درﯾﺎﯾﯽ« ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. روﯾﻪي ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ دﯾﻮان ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق درﯾﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺸﯽ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺗﻨﻮﯾﺮ زواﯾﺎي ﭘﻨﻬﺎن اﯾﻦ اﺻﻞ در ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ درﯾﺎﯾﯽ داﺷﺘﻪاﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻗﻀﯿﻪي» ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻦ آﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ« اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ وﺿﻮح ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻦ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه و دﯾﻮان ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺣﻘﻮق درﯾﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ اﺟﺮاي اﯾﻦ اﺻﻞ در ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ درﯾﺎﻫﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و واﮐﺎوي اﯾﻦ اﺻﻞ در ﺣﻘﻮق درﯾﺎﻫﺎ و ﻧﻘﺶ دﯾﻮان ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق درﯾﺎﻫﺎ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺖ از آن دارد ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺻﻞ در ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ را اﯾﻔﺎء ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ درﯾﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ از اﯾﻦ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﯽ ﻧﺒﻮده و روﯾﻪي ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ در ﻗﻀﯿﻪي ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻦ آﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.

The precautionary principle plays a very important role in preventing the occurrence of environmental damage, and in order to achieve sustainable development, environmental policies must be based on the precautionary principle. This principle, along with other environmental principles, acts as a golden rule to prevent environmental damage. The principle of this principle in the marine environment is to prevent "marine pollution" and to achieve the "Right to a Healthy Marine Environment". The jurisprudence of the International Court of the Law of the Sea has played a key role in identifying and illuminating the hidden angles of this principle in marine environmental law, which has been made clear in the case of the "Bluefin Tuna" and the International Court of Justice Maritime Law examines and analyzes how this principle is applied in the international law of the sea. The present article examines this principle in the law of the sea and the role of the International Court of the Law of the Sea in this regard. The findings of the article indicate that this principle plays an important role in international environmental law and the international law of the sea is no exception and international jurisprudence in the case. "Bluefin Tuna" has emphasized this important point.