كاهش تأثيرات جزاير حرارتي شهري بر سلامت انسان‌ها از طريق تغييرات فرم شهري در اقليم گرم و خشك شهر مشهد (نمونه موردي الگوي بافت شطرنجي محله شاهد و بافت ارگانيك محله پاچنار)

The Effects of Urban Heat Islands Mitigation on Human Health through Change in Urban form Hot and Arid Climate of Mashhad (Case Study: Graticular Texture of Shahed and Organic Texture of Pachenar Neighborhoods)

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻮج ﮔﺮﻣﺎ در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه ﺗﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻋﺪﯾﺪه اي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﯾﺪ. ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ و درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ارﺗﻘﺎ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺎ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ دﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﺮم ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي و ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ آن دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از روش ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار Envi-Met و Leonardo اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻘﺪر ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮض ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮد، دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد و درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺪازي ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻧﺴﺒﺖ )H/w(، وﺟﻮد ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و ﺑﺎد در دره ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ را ﮐﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻧﻔﻮذﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي و وﺟﻮد ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﺎ آﻟﺒﺪوي ﺑﺎﻻ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ در ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ و ﺗﻌﺮق ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﻨﮏ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي را ﻣﻬﯿﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺳﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺪازي از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﺘﻨﻮع در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮض )H/w( ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺪازي را اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دﻫﺪ و ﻫﻢ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ راه را ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﮐﺎﻫﺶ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ و ﺳﻄﻮح، ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻄﻮح ﺷﻬﺮي ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﯾﺮ و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺟﺪاره ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﮐﻢ در ﺟﺬب ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار اﺳﺖ و ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺷﺪت ﺟﺰاﯾﺮ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﺷﻬﺮي را ﮐﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ.

Background and Objective: The increase in heat waves in cities has caused many problems for human health. Reducing environmental problems by reducing the ambient temperature and thus improving human health is one of the most important concerns in the present age, which can be achieved by changing urban forms and environmental elements. Method: The main method used in this research is numerical simulations, using Envi-Met and Leonardo software suites. Findings: The findings indicate that the higher the height-to-width ratio, the less access sunlight has to the environment, resulting in lower ambient temperatures. Shading due to the ratio (H / w), the presence of plants and wind in urban valleys can also reduce the ambient temperature. In addition, the reduction of impermeable surfaces of urban coatings and the presence of materials with high albedo, increase evapotranspiration, which provides cooling conditions for urban environments and reduces the adverse effects of urban heat on human health. Conclusion: As a result, creating shadows through a combination of vegetation and diverse alterations in structures of H / W can be effective on reducing the ambient and surface temperatures. Moreover, the use of permeable surfaces and building materials with high albedo are effective in reflecting solar heat and can reduce the intensity of urban heat islands.