بررسي عملكرد خرد اقليمي حياط مركزي در اقليم تهران (نمونه موردي: حوزه علميه معمارباشي)

Study the Microclimatic Performance of the Courtyard in Tehran Climate (Case study: Memar Bashi Theological Seminary courtyard)

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﯾﮑﯽ از راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي اﯾﺠﺎد ﺧﺮد اﻗﻠﯿﻢ در ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺳﻨﺘﯽ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﮔﺮم و ﺧﺸﮏ، ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﯿﻢ آﻓﺘـﺎب از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ ﺣﯿـﺎط ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. از اﯾﻦ رو ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ دﻗﯿﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺧﺮد اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺣﯿﺎط ﻣﺮﮐﺰي در اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﺗﻬـﺮان ﻣـﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ. در ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ دﻣﺎي داﺧﻠﯽ ﺣﯿﺎط و دﻣﺎي ﺧﺎرج، ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ آب و ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﺮ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺧﺮد اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ و ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎزي اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻃﺒﻖ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﭼﻬﺎر ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﯿﺎط ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ آن ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي داﺧﻞ ﮐﻮﭼﻪ و ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ دﻣـﺎي ﺛﺒـﺖ ﺷﺪه در اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻬﺮآﺑﺎد در ﻫﻤﺎن ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ، ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ دﻣﺎي ﺣﯿﺎط 4/52 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﮔـﺮاد ﭘـﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗـﺮ از دﻣـﺎي ﮐﻮﭼـﻪ و 4/01درﺟﻪ از دﻣﺎي اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﺮد ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣـﯽ دﻫـﺪ: دﻣـﺎي ﺣﯿـﺎط 0/9 درﺟـﻪ از دﻣﺎي ﺧﺎرج از ﺣﯿﺎط و 1/4 درﺟﻪ از ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ دﻣﺎي اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻬﺮآﺑﺎد ﮔﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ داﺧﻞ ﺣﯿـﺎط ﺑـﻪ وﯾﮋه در ﻣﺠﺎورت ﺣﻮض آب و درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻓﻀﺎي ﺧﺎرج از ﺣﯿﺎط ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺣﯿﺎط ﺣﻮزه ﻋﻠﻤﯿﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎرﺑﺎﺷـﯽ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮن ﯾـﮏ ﺧﺮد اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد: ﺣﯿﺎط ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﮔﺮم، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﯿﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ آب 0/9 درﺟﻪ ﺧﻨﮏ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺷﺒﯿﻪﺳﺎزي، ﺑﺎ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯽ 0/3 درﺟﻪ از ﺑﺮاداﺷﺖ ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺧﺮداﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺣﯿﺎط ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﺣﻮزه ﻋﻠﻤﯿﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎر ﺑﺎﺷﯽ ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺧﺮد اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺣﯿﺎط را ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻋﻨﺼﺮ آب ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪ. دﻟﯿـﻞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺪازي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﭼﻨﺎر داﺧﻞ ﺣﯿﺎط ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Background and Objective: Since modifying the outdoor condition has an impact on the indoor conditions, the objective of the present research is to study the central courtyard as a passive solar strategy to create microclimate on a scale of an urban block in Tehran climate. By creating microclimate in the vicinity of the building, its thermal performance could be thus enhanced. In addition to comparing temperature in the courtyard with that of the outside the building, this research also studied the influence of water and plants in forming microclimate. Method: Analysis method is composed of investigating case studies, field measurements and simulation. Findings: According to the measurements conducted in four directions of the courtyard under study and comparing them with the temperature in the lateral street and the mean temperature recorded in Mehrabad Weather Station in the same time frame, the mean temperature of the courtyard was 4.52 °C less than that of the street and 4.01 °C less than that of Mehrabad Weather Station. Comparing results obtained from cold seasons show that temperature of the courtyard was 0.9 °C more than that of the outer space and 1.4 °C more than that recorded in Mehrabad Weather Station. Consequently, Memar Bashi Theological Seminary courtyard has functioned as a microclimate. Discussion and Conclusion: with an approximate difference of 0.3°C, simulation results confirm the microclimate function of Memar Bashi Theological Seminary courtyard. Comparisons between the influence of water and plants have also indicated that in the hot seasons, plant coverage could decrease the temperature by 0.9 °C more than what water does.