بررسي تأثير سرمايه انساني بر رابطه آلودگي محيط زيست و رشد اقتصادي در كشورهاي حوزه منا

Investigating the Impact of Human Capital on the Relationship between Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth in MENA Countries

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﻣﺪل رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ و ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي را ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ را ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮد؛ اﻣﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ از ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺶ روي ﻃﺮﻓﺪاران اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬاري ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ و ﻧﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ اﻫﺪاف و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻏﺎﻓﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﮐﻮزﻧﺘﺲ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ راﺑﻄﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ اي آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ و رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺳﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ اﻫﺪاف ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، از روش ﮔﺸﺘﺎورﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺎﻧﻞ ﭘﻮﯾﺎ )GMM( ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻃﻼﻋﺎت 14 ﮐﺸﻮر ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﺮاي دوره زﻣﺎﻧﯽ 2000 ﺗﺎ 2016 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: راﺑﻄﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ )اﻧﺘﺸﺎر CO2( و رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﮐﻮزﻧﺘﺲ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﻣﺆﯾﺪ وﺟﻮد ﯾﮏ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﮑﻮس U ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮد، رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ رﺷﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه اي ﺑﺮ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ و رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ از آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، ﻧﻘﻄﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ اي راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﯽ اﻓﺘﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﯽ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ داﻧﺶ ﻣﺤﻮر و ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ، راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.

Background and Objective: The economic growth model can examine the direct and indirect effects of human capital on economic growth. One of the indirect factors is environmental pollution. But in the meantime, one should not overlook the limitations of the advocates of this theory, such as the Impact of Human Capital Utilization on reducing environmental pollution, in order to achieve goals and policies similar to those of developed economies. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of human capital on Kuznets’ emphasized relationship, the threshold relation of environmental pollution and economic growth. Method: Therefore, using the data from 14 countries in the MENA area for the period 2000 - 2016, the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) or dynamic data panel method was used to test the hypothesis. Findings: The relationship between environmental pollution (CO2 emissions) and economic growth is nonlinear and the Kuznets curve hypothesis in the selected research sample confirms the existence of an inverse U-shaped relationship between economic growth and pollution emissions. Higher the human capital with the current level of greenhouse gas emissions, lead to the higher economic growth in selected countries. Discussion and Conclusion: Increased growth due to the accumulation of human capital can play a moderating role on the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth of the selected research set. With the increase of human capital at any level of environmental pollution, the threshold point of the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth is delayed. In other words, as knowledge-based and human capital-based development increases the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth is moderated.